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Explore the major historical events from 1800-2021 that shaped women's roles in business. From Rebecca Lukens in the 1800s to modern-day leaders like Kat Cole, discover the challenges faced and achievements made by women throughout history.
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Women and Business by Ky Greene
1800-1900 • Major Historical Events • 1812: War of 1812 withBritain • 1815: Napoleondefeated at Waterloo • 1825: Erie Canal completed • Rebecca Lukenstakes over LukensSteel • 1827: Slaveryillegal in New York • 1830: Underground Railroadestablished • 1835: Texas declaresindependencefrom Mexico • 1837: Depressionbeginswith the Panic of 1837 • 1845: Warwith Mexico • 1854: Rebecca Lukens passes away
Rebecca Lukens • Lived 1794-1854 • 1825: Husband dies. Rebecca steps up to take over steel business. Challenge: retain employees. • 1826: Codorus launches. First work order Rebecca completes is for plates for first iron-hulled ship in the U.S. • Challenges Rebecca Faced • Financial crisis of 1837 • Mother’s interference • Brothers fighting her for the deed to the plant
1900-1939 • Major Historical Events • 1903: Wright Brothers First Flight • 1906: San Francisco Earthquake • 1910: Madam C.J. Walker incorporates the Walker Company • 1910: Elizabeth Arden foundswhatisnow Elizabeth Arden, inc. • 1914: World War I begins in Europe • 1917: U.S. enters World War I • 1918: World War I ends • Carrie Crawford Smith starts Smith Employment Agency • 1919: Treaty of Versailles • 1920:Women gain the right to vote • 1922: Clara and Lillian Westropp open Women’sSavings and Loan • 1929: Stock Market crashes • Beginning of Great Depression • 1936: Gallup Pollindicatesthat 82% of Americansbelievewomenshould not work and thatwomen are keeping men from jobs • 1939: World War II starts in Europe withGerman invasion of Poland
Carrie Crawford Smith • Lived 1877-1954 • Educated at Fisk University • Founded Smith Employment Agency in 1918 • “Standards” • Domestics would not clean floors or windows because “crawling around on floors and hanging out of other’s windows was undignified” (there were males for this kind of work) • Demanded employers treat her laborers with dignity and respect even in the face of lost revenue
1940-1959 • Major Historical Events • 1940: Germany invades Holland, Belgium, and France • 1941: Pearl Harbor; U.S. declareswar on Japan • 1945: World War II ends • 1946: Estée Lauder startsherown beauty company • 1949: Nato established • 1950: McCarthy Hearingsbegin • 1951: 22nd Amendmentprohibits more than 2 presidentalterms • Lillian Vernon founds Lillian Vernon Corporation • 1953: U.S. providesmilitaryaid to France to suppress Vietnam freedomfighters • 1954: Brown vs. Board of Education • 1955: Vietnam Warbegins • 1956: Bette NeSmith Graham foundsMistake Out Company • 1957: Mary Crowley founds Home Interiors & Gifts • 1958: First Xerox machine; First trans-atlantic jet passenger service. • 1959: Alaska and Hawaii become states. Castro comes to power in Cuba.
1960’s-1990’s • Major Historical Events • 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis • 1963: Kennedy assassinated • Mary Kay Ashstartsherowncosmeticscompany • 1965-1967: Race Riots • 1965: Ruth FertelacquiresRuth’s Chris Steak House • 1967: Muriel Siebertfounds Muriel Siebert & Co, Inc. • 1968: Tet Offensive. Martin Luther King assassinated. Robert F. Kennedy assassinated. • 1969: Vietnam peacetalksstart. • 1970: Nixon namestwowomengenerals • 1973: EqualCreditOpportunityActgoesinto effet • 1975: End of Vietnam War • 1978: Marsha Serlinfounds United ScrapMetal • 1979: Patty DeDominicfounds PDQ Personnel Services, Inc. • 1990: Hubble Telescopeplacedintoorbit • 1992: Clinton electedPresident • 1993: World Trade Center bombed by Islamicterrorists • 1994: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goesintoeffect • 1995: Bombing in Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols • 1998: Monika Lewinsky Scandal • 1999: Euro currencyintroducted to stem the power of the dollar and maximize the economic power of the EU
2000’s-Current Day • Major Historical Events • 2000: Hilary Clinton winsseat for U.S. Senatefrom NY. • 2001: September 11th. World Trade Center and Pentagonattacked by terrorists. By October 7th, War on Terrorismhadbegun. • Nina Vacabecomes CEO of Pinnacle Group • 2003: Tragedy at Nasa – SpaceShuttle Columbia exlodesuponre-entry. • 2005: Hurricane Katrina strikes the Gulf Coast. • 2007: First female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, issworninto office. • 2008: Barack Obama electedPresident • 2010: British Petroleum oilrigexplodes in Gulf of Mexico – largestoilspill in history. • Sandra KurtzigfoundsKenandy • Kat Cole becomes COO of Cinnabon. • 2011: Osama Bin Laden iskilled. Occupy Wall Street protestsbegin in NYC. Warwith Iraq ends. • 2012: Hurricane Sandy • 2013: Bombing of the Boston Marathon • 2014: Affordable Care Actgoesintoeffect. Rise of ISIS, Islamicfundamentalists. • 2015: Riotsbegin in Baltimore. Black LivesMattercreated. Terroristattack on Paris. First visit to U.S. by Pope Francis.
References America’s Best History. U.S. Timeline – the 1900s. http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1990.html America’s Best History. U.S. Timeline – the 2000s. http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline2000.html America’s Best History. U.S. Timeline – the 2010s. http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline2010.html Bulitt, Scott and Dorothy. United States History Timeline. http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/a_us_history/1800_1900_timeline.htm National Women’s History Museum. A Century of Entrepreneurial Women. http://entrepreneurs.nwhm.org/#/1910-1939/1 National Women’s History Museum. Carrie Crawford Smith. https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/carrie-crawford-smith/ Rejected Princesses. Rebecca Lukens. http://www.rejectedprincesses.com/princesses/rebecca-lukens Shorefront Journal. Carrie Crawford Smith’s Back Door Leadership. https://shorefrontjournal.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/carrie-crawford-smiths-back-door-leadership/
Video References Bette NeSmith Graham. https://youtu.be/7VwXtTZIpjg Elizabeth Arden. https://youtu.be/skLFwQ8tSng Estée Lauder. https://youtu.be/12fk4UlQMZk Kat Cole. https://youtu.be/R17FbzaQmqc Madame C.J. Walker https://youtu.be/wEKXMHIGmrQ Statistics. https://youtu.be/R17FbzaQmqc
Image References Image of the Codorus. https://www.steelmuseum.org/images/06_codorus_450.jpg Image of Rebecca Luken. http://www.steelmuseum.org/images/340_PFH_1810_4_R_Lukens.jpg