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Human anatomy. SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Introduction. Definition : human anatomy is the science which deals with structures and functions of the human body, and it is the basic course of medicine 。 aims :. systematic anatomy : regional anatomy :.
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Human anatomy SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu
Definition: human anatomy is the science which deals with structures and functions of the human body, and it is the basic course of medicine。 aims:
systematic anatomy : regional anatomy : : Surgical anatomy Sectional anatomy Surface anatomy X - ray anatomyX Locomotor anatomy
Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms, molecules • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism
splanchnology There are nine systems in the human body: (1) locomotor system (2) alimentary system (3) respiratory system (4) urinary system (5) genital system (6) endocrine system (7) circulatory system(angiology) (8) nervous system (9) sense organs
Terms of the direction superior , inferior anterior , posterior medial lateral ulnar 、radial 、 tibial 、fibular proximal 、distal internal, external superficial , profound (deep)
Axis: Verticsl axis Sagital axis、 Coronal axis Plane: Sagital plane Coronal plane 、 Horizontal plane (tansverse plane)
locomotor system Composition: The locomotor systemconsists of bone joints muscles ,
1. Classification of the bone (1) long bone (2) short bone (3) flat bone (4) irregular bone Pneumatic bone Sesamoid bone
Classification of the bone骨的分类 Diaphysis(Shaft) Extremity—epiphysis (1) long bone medullary cavity nutrient foramen articular surface、 metaphysis epiphysial cartilage epiphysial line
Classification of the bone (2) short bone
(3) flat bone Classification of the bone
Classification of the bone (4) irregular bone some cranial bones ; Vertebrae hip bone
2. The structure of the bones • (1)bony substance • Compact bone • Cancellous bone • trabeculae
The structure of the bones (2)Periosteum outer layer inner layer Endosteum
The structure of the bones (3) bone marrow red bone marrowyellow bone marrow
3.The chemical composition and physical properties • organic components • inorganic components organic components: inorganic components 3 : 7 1 : 1 1 : 3-4
3.The chemical composition and physical properties 7 3 1 1 3 1
4. The surface features of the bones process spine eminence tuberosity tubercle crest fossa fovea foveola sulcus impression notch
4. The surface features of the bones cavity 、sinus antrum、cellules、 canal or meatus、 aperture or foramen孔、 fissure head、capitulum condyle 、epicondyle surface、border 。
Axial bone skull bones of trunk Appendiculoarbones bones of upper limb bones of lower limb 206 in number in adult
一、Bones of trunk Composition: vertebrae(24) sacrum (1) coccyx(1) sternum(1) ribs(24) (一) Vertebrae There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae C.V. 7 Thoracic vertebrae T.V. 12 Lumbar vertebrae L.V. 5 Sacral vertebrae S.V. 5 sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae Co.V. 3~4 coccyx
1. General features of vertebrae • Vertebral body • Vertebral arch • pedicle of vertebral archsup. and inf. Vertebral notch • lamina of vertebral arch • process (7): • spinous process • transverse process • sup. and inf. articular processes • Vertebral foramen • Vertebral canal • Intervertebral foramen
2. The characteristics of vertebrae in each region (1) Cervical vertebra a. the body: small b. transverse foramen Carotid tubercle anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 c.spinous processes short and bifid (except 1,7 cervical vertebrae) d. vertebral foramen triangular and relatively large
axis Dens Atlas • Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery
(2) Thoracic vertebrae A. Vertebrae Body heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea B. Spinous processes long, point obliquely posterior and downward C.transverse costal fovea D.Articular processes: coronal
(3) Lumbar vertebra a.Vertebral body: Larger, kidney-shape 大, b.vertebral foramen:. Larger and triangular c.Spinous processes: square and horizontal d.Articular processes: sagittal
(4) Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory, anterior sacral foramina (four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest ,posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus ,sacral cornu Lateral part: auricular surface , sacral tuberosity
Anterior sacral foramina Coccyx (4)Sacrum、 Coccyx: promontory Anterior surface of sacrum
Sacral canal Auricular surface Median sacral crest sacral hiatus Coccyx (4)Sacrum、 Coccyx: posterior sacral foramina sacral cornu
(二) Sternum Manubrium Body of sternum xiphoid process Manubrium Sternal Angle Body of sternum xiphoid process 1、parts jugular notch
(二) Sternum Manubrium Body of sternum xiphoid process Sternal Angle 1、parts 2、Sternal Angle
Costal bone Costal cartilage True ribs : False ribs : Costal arch。 Floating ribs: (三)Ribs: 共12对 Composition
(三)Ribs: 共12对 Costal neck Costal angle Costal head Shaft of rib Costal tubercle Costal groove Costal bone
First rib :short and flattered superior surface :inferior surface scalene tubercle 前斜角肌结节