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Organic Chemistry

Explore the realm of organic chemistry with a focus on functional groups such as alcohols, acids, and ethers. Learn about their structures, properties, and biological/industrial applications. Delve into the synthesis of molecules through condensation reactions and understand the significance of polymers in our daily lives.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Functional groups

  2. Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-OH. Sterols, ethylene glycol 24.4

  3. enzyme C6H12O6(aq) 2CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) H2SO4 CH2 CH2(g) + H2O (g) CH3CH2OH (g) Biological production of ethanol Commercial production of ethanol DRINKABLE vs. DENATURED Alcohol

  4. H2SO4 CH3OH + HOCH3 CH3OCH3 + H2O catalyst Functional Group Chemistry Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’. Condensation Reaction 24.4

  5. Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) functional group. • aldehydes have the general formula C O O O O O O CH3 CH3 • ketones have the general formula H C H C H R C R’ R C H C H3C Functional Group Chemistry formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone 24.4

  6. Functional Group Chemistry Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional group. VINEGAR, ASPIRIN , ANTS, CITRUS FRUITS, PROTEINS, PRESERVATIVES 24.4

  7. O CH3COOH + HOCH2CH3 CH3 C O CH2CH3 + H2O Functional Group Chemistry Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group. ethyl acetate Banana: isopentyl acetate Pineapple: ethyl butanoate Apple: methyl butanoate Pear: propyl ethanoate Orange: Octyl ethanoate Raspberry: 2-Methylpropyl ethanoate Oil of Wintergreen: methyl salycilate 24.4

  8. HOW TO MIMIC NATURE: Making synthetic flavoring • A good cherry is supposed to be tough to formulate.  Here is an example of a *minimum* synthetic cherry flavoring: •         ethyl methyl p-tolyl glycidate          16.0 %         iso-amyl acetate                        12.0 %         iso-butyl acetate                       12.0 %         p-methyl benzyl acetate                 11.0 %         benzaldehyde                             8.0 %         vanillin                                 7.0 %         benzyl alkcohol                          5.5 %         piperonal                                5.0 %         ethyl caprate                            4.0 %         cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal        3.0 %         p-tolyl aldehyde                         3.0 %         cinnamyl anthranilate                    3.0 %         ethyl caproate                           2.0 %         geranyl butyrate                         2.0 %         terpenyl butyrate                        0.5 %

  9. CH3NH2 + H2O RNH3+ + OH- Functional Group Chemistry Amines are organic bases with the general formula R3N. Urea Phenylpropanolamine (Meth)amphetamine Caffeine

  10. 24.4

  11. Blue jeans • Indigo: an ancient dye, herbal remedy, poison • Indigofera • Tyrian purple – 6,6’-dibromoindigo

  12. The sweet life sucralose saccharin aspartame

  13. Drugs aspirin cocaine

  14. ( CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 )n POLYMERS • Poly: Many Meros: Parts • Made up of repeating monomers • Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers • Common biopolymers: Proteins, DNA, RNA, starch, cellulose

  15. PET: Polyethylene terephthalate • Plastic bottles • Polytetrafluoroethylene • Teflon™ • Polypropylene • Polystyrene • Polyvinyl chloride • Nylon (synthetic polyamide, similar to bonds in proteins) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/plastics/index.html

  16. The stuff of life • DNA

  17. The stuff of life • Proteins

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