UNIT 3 NOTES: THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

1. UNIT 3 NOTES: THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

2. Presidents of the united states • George Washington (1788) • John Adams (1796) • Thomas Jefferson (1800) • James Madison (1808) • James Monroe (1816) • So Far………

3. Era of good feelings • In 1815, republican James Monroe easily wins the election to become the 5th president of the United States • The Federalist party soon fades out • The U.S. enters a period of growth and prosperity • Monroe’s two terms as President has come to be known as the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) • The Supreme Court, during this era, would hand down several key decisions • Court was led by Chief Justice John Marshall

4. nationalism • In 1800, people would have viewed themselves as citizens of their community or state • By 1820, it was becoming clear that national citizenship was growing in importance • A new generation of American leaders sought to use federal government to unite the country

5. The national bank • The first Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 • The First Bank of the U.S. dissolves in 1811 • After financial problems occur during the war, the Second Bank of the U.S. is chartered in 1816 • In 1816, Congress charters the Second Bank of the United States • Strongly supported after chaos during War of 1812

6. Postwar boom and panic • In 1819 America experiences its first depression • Known as the Panic of 1819 • It began in London with British banks declared that U.S. banks pay money that is owed • American banks, in turn, demand money of Americans that they loaned out • This financially ruined many Americans who did not have the money to pay off their loans

7. Supporting the national bank • In 1819, Maryland tried to kill the national bank by imposing high taxes on it • The case made its way to the Supreme Court • In McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall ruled that Congress did have the authority to charter the bank • The powers of federal government went beyond those stated in the Constitution • Cited Article I, section 8 necessary and proper clause

8. The Missouri compromise • In 1819, Congress began debating admission of Missouri into the union • The basic issue at stake was slavery • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had established that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state • Missouri was not NW of the Ohio River and was not covered • After months of debate, under the leadership of Henry Clay, Congress agreed to the Missouri Compromise (1820) • 1) Missouri would be a slave state, Maine would be free • 2) As the U.S. expanded westward, territories north of the 36’30’ line would be closed to slavery

9. Nationalism abroad • Starting with Monroe, Presidents also acted to strengthen the nation’s foreign policy • One of Monroe’s main goals was to ease tensions with Great Britain • 1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement, called on both sides to reduce warships in Great Lakes • Monroe was also concerned with European countries trying colonize in the western hemisphere

10. The Monroe doctrine • President Monroe firmly spelled out American policy on this issue in a speech on December 2, 1823 • The Monroe Doctrine had four main parts: • The U.S. would not take sides in European affairs • The U.S. recognized existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere and would not interfere with them • The U.S. would not permit any further colonization of the Western Hemisphere • Any attempt by a European power to take control of a nation in the western hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile action towards the U.S.

11. The election of 1824 • In the election of 1824, no candidate could boast about being a Revolutionary leader • This election also marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings • Many issues of conflict had now spring up • Economic problems • Spread of slavery • As Monroe’s second term came to an end, several republicans ran for office • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) • Speaker of the House, Henry Clay (Kentucky) • Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) • General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)

12. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC] William H. Crawford[GA]

13. The Election of 1824 ADAMS VS. JACKSON • Even with Jackson winning the popular vote, he had to win the electoral vote as well. • There were 261 total electoral votes and Jackson needed 131 to win the electoral vote and the election. • Jackson did not receive a majority of electoral votes to win the election. • Sent to the House of Representatives to choose the president. • 261 electoral votes and 131needed to win.

14. The“Corrupt Bargain”

15. ADAMS VS JACKSON corrupt • The Corrupt Bargain • Henry Clay gives his support to John Adams and the House of Representatives chooses Adams as the President. • Two weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State…. • Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Bargain.” • Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams.

16. John Quincy Adams • One of the ablest men, hardest workers, and finest intellectuals ever in the White House. • But he lacked the common touch and refused to play the game of politics. • Most found him cold and tactless. • Could not build any popular support for his programs.

17. John Quincy Adams • The election had united his enemies and was creating a new party system • Adams, Clay, and the minority became National-Republicans • Jackson and the majority became the Democratic-Republicans (later just Democrats)

18. Monroe legacy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwvHtkCusHo

19. John quincyadams • No other candidate could match his experience in politics and foreign affairs • Served as Secretary of State under Monroe • Played vital role in acquiring Florida • Helped devise the Monroe Doctrine

20. Henry clay • Energetic, entertaining politician • Gift for Speechmaking • He spoke to Congress supporting the American System • Government backed economic development • Protective tariffs aimed to encourage business growth • Clay owned slaves but shared Jefferson’s discomfort with slavery • Tried to bring a gradual end to slavery in Kentucky • Freed his own slaves upon his death

21. John C. Calhoun • Monroe’s Secretary of War • Headed Committees that created: • the 2nd Bank of the U.S. • A national road system • A modernized navy • Protective tariffs • Calhoun was a slaveholder that wanted to defend Southern sectional interests • He eventually withdrew from the crowded 1824 race • Instead he ran for Vice President, where he succeeded

22. Andrew jackson • Andrew Jackson was the 1824 wild card • He prided himself on being a government outsider • He was nicknamed “Old Hickory” for his toughness • He was a slaveholder who owned a plantation in Tennessee • Brilliant General who gained popularity through victories in the War of 1812 • His opponents saw him as a poorly educated, ill-tempered rough-neck

23. The corrupt bargain • In the election, Jackson won the most votes in the electoral college, but he did not win a majority • John Quincy Adams came in second • In February 1825, in line with Constitutional law, the House of Representatives voted on the election • Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to swing votes to Adams for victory • Days later, Adams appoints Clay as his Secretary of State • Jackson’s supporters claim that Clay and Adams had made a “corrupt bargain”