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Overview of EPA’s Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs

Overview of EPA’s Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs. John Guy US EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality. CAI-Asia: Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia. Manila, Philippines May 22-23, 2006. Transportation & the Economy/Environment Some EPA Roadmaps

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Overview of EPA’s Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs

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  1. Overview of EPA’s Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs John Guy US EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality CAI-Asia: Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia Manila, Philippines May 22-23, 2006

  2. Transportation & the Economy/Environment Some EPA Roadmaps EPA Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs Need for Fuel Sulfur control Projections for the Clean Fuel and Vehicle Programs Diesel PM & NOx Reductions Benefits Costs & Benefits Presentation Overview U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  3. Transportation and the Economy Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics 3

  4. Inclusive Process • Careful cost and benefit analysis • Industry, state, environmental, emission control stakeholders at the table • Temporary provisions and transitional allowances as needed • Development of new industry: emission control companies U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  5. Transportation and the EnvironmentEmission Trends 4

  6. 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 Highway VMT (trillion miles) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1950 1955 1965 1995 2000 1960 1990 1980 1970 1975 1985 Calendar Year Growth In TransportationOffsets Gains from Cleaner Vehicles Source: U.S. Department of Transportation – Bureau of Transportation Statistics 5

  7. Past Fuel Standards 1974 Unleaded Gasoline Gasoline Sub-Sim 1980 Gasoline Summer RVP Limits (9.0 and 7.8) 1991 Winter Oxyfuels Program (39 cities) 1992 Highway diesel fuel sulfur control (500 ppm) 1993 Phase 1 RFG and Anti-dumping 1995 Gasoline Detergent Additives 1995 Fuel and Fuel Additives Registration Prohibition on lead 1996 Phase 2 RFG 2000 Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT1) 2002 Tier 2 Gasoline Sulfur Control (30 ppm avg, 80 cap) 2004 U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  8. New Fuel Standards 2006 Ultra-low Sulfur Highway Diesel Fuel (15 ppm) Nonroad, Locomotive and Marine Diesel Fuel (500 ppm) 2007 Ultra-low Sulfur Nonroad Diesel Fuel (15 ppm) 2010 MSAT2 (Gasoline benzene) 2011 Ultra-low Sulfur Locomotive and Marine Diesel Fuel (15 ppm) 2012 U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  9. Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs* HWY 10/1993 06/2006 01/2010 NR All Highway 15 ppm 6/2007 6/2010 6/2014 6/2012 >80% 15 ppm Highway Diesel 500ppm All Diesel ~3400 ppm NR 15 ppm <20% 500 ppm NR, L&M Diesel 500 ppm L&M 500 ppm L&M 15ppm All Off-Highway Diesel ~3400 ppm Small & Credit 500 ppm Small & Credit ~3400 Small 15 ppm HHF ~3400ppm HHF ~3400ppm * This figure is intended to illustrate the timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control programs. It is not drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80 for specific program dates. U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  10. EPA Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs • Tier 2 Standards (1999 rulemaking) • Gasoline sulfur control (30 ppm avg / 80 ppm max, 2006 for most refiners) • 77-95% lower light-duty vehicle standards (beginning in 2004) • Same standards for light trucks and cars; gasoline and diesel • Heavy-Duty 2007 Standards (2000 rulemaking) • Diesel sulfur control (15 ppm maximum, beginning in June 2006) • 90% lower heavy-duty gasoline & diesel vehicle standards • PM filter forcing standards, NOx catalyst based standards • Nonroad Tier 4 Standards (2004 rulemaking) • Diesel sulfur control (2 steps - 500 ppm in 2007, 15 ppm in 2010) • 90-95% lower emission standards - based on highway technology • Diesel Retrofit (ongoing) • Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel enables diesel PM retrofits • Realize substantial air quality and health benefits earlier • Locomotive and Marine Diesel Standards (rulemaking in process) • Marine diesel sulfur control (15 ppm maximum) in 2012 • Considering requiring same technologies as on-highway and nonroad • Proposed rulemaking in 2006 U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  11. Why Focus on Sulfur?Some Data On Fuel Effects PM Percent improvement in NOx and PM NOx ultra-low sulfur enabled technologies 7

  12. Need for Fuel Sulfur Control • Sulfur is a catalyst poison • Removing sulfur, much like removing lead from gasoline, allows for maximum catalyst efficiency • Reductions in fuel sulfur provide immediate PM reductions • Tier 2 / Low Sulfur Gasoline • New Tier 2 vehicles have near zero running emissions • Existing vehicles see significant improvement from the new fuel • Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (Highway and Nonroad) • Enables PM filters that can eliminate 99% of carbonaceous PM • Enables advanced NOx catalysts giving 90+% reductions • Immediate benefits from in-use fleet U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  13. Enabling Near Zero Emission Levels Source: Corning Inc. Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters (CDPFS) can eliminate 99% of solid particles (soot & metals) can eliminate >90% of semi-volatile hydrocarbons 9

  14. Baseline – absent new standards Locomotive and Marine Nonroad …? Highway Clean Fuel and Vehicle ProgramsDiesel PM Reductions 11

  15. Baseline – absent new standards Locomotive and Marine Diesel Nonroad Diesel Highway …? Gasoline Highway Clean Fuel and Vehicle Programs NOx Reductions 12

  16. premature deaths chronic bronchitis hospital admissions over 3 million lost work days 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 # prevented annually (in 2030) Benefits of Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs 13

  17. Costs & Benefits of Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs cost Total Cost: $11 billion Total Benefits: $175 billion Tier 2 Light-duty Highway benefit 2007 Heavy-duty Highway Tier 4 Nonroad 0 20 40 60 80 100 $ Billion Annually in 2030 14

  18. Estimated Refiner Capital & Per-Gallon Costs U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  19. It All Starts with Clean Fuels Clean Air Clean Vehicles Clean Fuels • Around the world, people are increasingly exposed to substantial public health hazards posed by diesel & gasoline vehicles • The solution is in clean fuels and clean vehicles – remove the sulfur to enable PM and NOx catalysts • Clean fuels also open the door for retrofits to accelerate benefits and prove-out new technologies 15

  20. For More Information... • Contact: John Guy phone: (202) 343-9276 e-mail: guy.john@epa.gov • Tier 2 / Gasoline Sulfur information: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/tr2home.htm • Highway and Nonroad diesel information: http://www.epa.gov/diesel/ U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

  21. Desulfurization Technology & Cost Analysis Methodology • Desulfurization technology projections • Gasoline • Rulemaking assumed fixed bed, catalytic distillation and adsorption technologies; • Some are now also considering membrane technology • Diesel Fuel • Conventional technology for nearly all 15 ppm highway diesel fuel • Advanced technology for a large percentage of 15 ppm NRLM diesel fuel • Cost analysis methodology • Gasoline • Based on 30 ppm sulfur average at refinery gate • Assumed new “grassroots” units for all refineries • Diesel fuel • Based on ~7 ppm sulfur average at refinery gate • Assumed 80% revamped units / 20% new “grassroots” units U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality

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