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Blood Function

Blood Function. Connective Tissue Transports dissolved gases (O ₂, CO₂) nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, metabolic wastes, fatty acids, glycerol Regulates pH – blood remains in the range of 6.8 – 7.4 Helps stabilize body temperature

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Blood Function

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  1. Blood Function • Connective Tissue • Transports dissolved gases (O₂, CO₂) nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, metabolic wastes, fatty acids, glycerol • Regulates • pH – blood remains in the range of 6.8 – 7.4 • Helps stabilize body temperature • Maintains fluid volume • Removes excess salt • Defense against pathogens and toxins • Blood clotting • Prevent blood loss

  2. Blood Composition • The average person has about 5 litres of blood

  3. Cellular Components of blood

  4. RBC’s (Erythrocytes) • Most abundant cell • Biconcave shape • Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow • Controlled by hormone called erythropoietin • Have no nucleus • Contain hemoglobin • Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide • Survive approx 120 days

  5. WBC’s (Leukocytes) • Protect the body from infection • Neutrophil (first responders) • Defend against bacterial or fungal infection • Form pus • Eosinophil • Defend against parasitic infection • Basophil • Allergic response • Release histamine • Lymphotcyte • Specific immune response • Defend against virus, cancer • Monocyte (Macrophage) • Phagocytosis

  6. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Small disk shaped clear cell fragments • Survive 5-9 days • Form blood clots • Fibrinogen –protein that promotes coagulation of platelets

  7. Blood Cell Formation • RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets are all produced in the bone marrow • WBC’s are stored in the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes • Platelets are stored in the spleen

  8. Complete Blood Count (CBC) • Blood test done that is part of a routine medical assessment • It can test and monitor different diseases • Hb – hemoglobin • HCT – hematocrit - % of red blood cells in relation to blood volume • K/uL – thousand per microliter

  9. RBC Disorders • Anemia • Low number of red blood cells • Symptoms: fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath • Treatment: transfusion, marrow transplant • Iron-deficiency anemia • Low iron intake • Treatment: iron pills, blood transfusion • Sickle cell anemia • Genetic condition, red blood cells change shape block blood flow • Symptoms: severe pain, organ damage • Treatment: oxygen therapy, antibiotics

  10. WBC Disorders • Leukemia • Cancer of the blood or bone marrow • Signs: Excessive build up of WBC’s, infection, pneumonia • Symptoms: feeling sick, flu-like • Treatment: pharmaceutical medication, radiation • Myeloma • Malignant tumor of bone marrow • Symptoms: Bone pain, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, kidney problems • Treatment: radiation, steroids, stem cell transplant

  11. Platelet Disorder • Thrombocytopenia • Decrease in platelet count • 50 K/µL • Symptoms: bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums • Treatments: Corticosteroids, lithium carbonate

  12. What Determines Blood Type • Antigen (type A and B) • Protein molecules called agglutinogens attach to the surface of red blood cells • ABO Classification System • Presence or absence of antigen • 4 different types of blood • Rh Protein • Surface protein (ion channel) • Positive or Negative • Ex; A positive (A+)

  13. Blood Type is Genetic • A and B antigen proteins are produced by two different enzymes that are encoded by two different alleles of the same gene • O allele codes for protein that is not functional • Possible combinations:

  14. Blood Transfusions • Donor and Recipient blood types need to match • Surface molecules on blood need to be the same • Otherwise antibodies will recognize blood as foreign triggering an immune response • Result in blood clotting

  15. Donating Blood • O+ (39% of Canadians share your blood type) • Most common blood type in Canada • Given to all other positive blood types (O+, A+, B+, AB+) • O- (7% of Canadians share your blood type) • Universal Donor – compatible with all blood types • A+ (36% of Canadians share your blood type) • Receive blood from (A+, A-, O+, O-) • A- (6% of Canadians share your blood type) • Receive blood from (A-, O-) • B+ (7.6% of Canadians share your blood type) • Receive blood from (B+, B-, O+, O-) • B- (1.4% of Canadians share your blood type) • Receive blood from (B-, O-) • AB+ (2.5% of Canadians share your blood type) • Universal recipient – receive blood from any type • AB- (0.5% of Canadians share your blood type) • Universal donor for plasma • AB+, AB- are Universal donors for plasma

  16. Cardiovascular System • Blood vessels • Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins • Heart • Composed of cardiac muscle tissue • Pumps the blood throughout the body

  17. Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary Circuit (lungs) • Moves blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • Blood moving from the heart to the lungs is de-oxygenated • Blood moving from the lungs to the heart is oxygenated • Carbon dioxide is being delivered, oxygen is being picked up • Pulmonary arteries/veins carry blood

  18. Cardiovascular System • Systemic Circuit • Movement of blood from heart to the body and back to the heart • Blood moving from heart to the body is oxygenated • Blood moving from the body back to the heart is de-oxygenated • Oxygen is being delivered, Carbon dioxide is being picked up

  19. Blood Vessels • Arteries • carry blood away from the heart • Arterioles • Branches out from artery and leads to capillaries • Capillaries • Smallest blood vessel • capillary bed supplies organ with blood • Veins • Carry blood to the heart • Contain valves to stop backflow • Venules • Carry blood from capillary bed to vein

  20. The Heart • Four chambers • Left/Right Ventricles - pump blood to the body • Left/Right Atria – receive blood from the body • Muscle tissue • Septum – separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood • Valves • Four valves – keep the blood flowing in one direction • Nodes • AV/SA nodes - pacemaker

  21. Path of Blood Through the Heart • Draw a flow chart showing the path of blood through the heart • Starting point • Body • deoxygenated blood • End Point • Body • oxygenated blood

  22. Path of Blood Through the Heart • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava→ Right Atrium→ Tricuspid Valve→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary Valve→ Pulmonary Artery→ Lungs → Pulmonary Veins→ Left Atrium→ Mitral Valve→ Left Ventricle→ Aortic Valve→ Aorta→ Body

  23. Coronary Arteries • Supply blood to the heart • Coronary Artery Disease • Plaque buildup causes blockage in arteries • Lead to • Heart attack, ischemia • Causes • Smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, diet, obesity • Treatment • Angioplasty procedure • Coronary artery bypass graft

  24. The Cardiac Cycle • All of the events that occur during one heart beat • Systole (lub) • Contraction of heart (leaving chambers) • Diastole (dub) • Relaxation of heart (filling chambers)

  25. Cardiac Cycle (Diastole) • Ventricles relaxed • Blood flowing from LA and RA into LV and RV • Blood flows through atrioventricular valves (mitral/tricuspid) • Aortic/pulmonic valves closed • RA receives venous blood from body through superior/inferior vena cava • LA receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins • Diastole ends, both atria contract

  26. Cardiac Cycle (Systole) • Ventricles contract • Aortic and pulmonic valves open • Blood ejected into aorta and pulmonary arteries • Atrioventricular valves closed during systole • Atria fill with blood via vena cava and pulmonary veins

  27. Cardiac Output (CO) • Volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk per minute • Depends on • Heart rate • Stroke volume Cardiac Output = (HR bpm)(SV L/beat)

  28. Stroke Volume (SV) • Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat • Average person pumps 70 ml (0.07L) per beat at rest Stroke Volume = EDV – ESV • End Systolic Volume • Amount of blood ejected during systole • 50mL remain • End Diastolic Volume • Amount of blood filling during diastole • Each ventricle contains 120mL at the end of diastole

  29. Cardiac Output Per Min • Calculate the total volume of blood (L) that travels through the heart per minute (L/min) • EDV = 120 mL • ESV = 5 mL • SV = ? • CO = ? • HR = 70 bpm

  30. Arrythmia • Irregular heartbeat • Tachycardia – too fast (over 100 bpm) • Bradycardia – too slow (less than 60 bpm) • Premature – too early • Fibrillation – irregularly • Can occur in the atrium or ventricles • Causes • Smoking, alcohol, drugs, caffeine, heart disease, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, heart attack, diabetes, old age, obesity

  31. Blood Pressure • Arteries change shape in response to blood pressure • Systolic Pressure • Pressure on the walls of the arteries from ventricular contractions • Normal is 120 • Diastolic Pressure • Pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart is at rest • Normal is 80

  32. Hypertension • High Blood Pressure • 140/90 or higher • Leads to (chronic) • Cardiac disease, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, eye damage, stroke • Causes • Alcohol, smoking, obesity, caffeine, salt, stress, age, genetic • Treatment • Diet, medication

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