BIRTH CONTROL

1. BIRTH CONTROL

2. HISTORY OF BIRTH CONTROL Almost 3,500 years ago, men in Egypt wore condom-like sheaths as attractive and fabulous penis covers. By the 18th century, condoms were being made from sheep intestines. In Victorian England, sexual stimulation was believed to shorten one’s life (and oral sex was thought to cause cancer of the mouth), so sex once a month, (in the missionary position please) was considered more than enough. In Ancient Middle East, Arabs placed pebbles in the uteruses of female camels when they set off on long journeys. For some reason, a foreign object in the uterus prevents pregnancy. Today the IUD is based on the same theory.

3. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 1. ABSTINENCE It is the only method that is 100% guarantee that you will not get pregnant. A. How it is used? The penis must not get near the opening of the vagina. A woman can get pregnant without having intercourse if semen (fluid from the penis) is spilled close to her vagina. B. What are the advantages? No risk or worry of pregnancy Lowers the risk of STI’s Leads to other ways of expressing sexuality C. What are the disadvantages? Must only be chosen but practiced without exception Difficult to maintain if both partners don’t agree Loss of enjoyment associated with intercourse

4. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 2. BIRTH CONTROL PILL Taken daily to prevent pregnancy Contains two hormones (estrogen and progestin) that are similar to a woman’s natural hormones. With typical use, the pill is 92 to 97% effective. A. How does it work? Hormones in the pill stop your ovary from releasing an egg each month, so you cannot get pregnant. If you miss pills any time, you can get pregnant. The greatest risk for pregnancy is when you miss pills at the beginning or end of the pack or are late starting your next pack of pills B. What are the advantages? Makes menstrual cycle more regular May reduce menstrual cramping Relatively inexpensive

5. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS BIRTH CONTROL PILL CONTINUED C. What are the disadvantages? Requires a prescription/full examination Does not protect against STI’s May be affected by antibiotics May include side effects: weight gain or loss, nausea, depression, headaches, spotting/bleeding between periods, breast tenderness, moodiness, bloating Blood clots—In rare cases, women taking the pill may develop a blood clot. Your risk is higher if: You are a smoker, have a family history of blood clots, or have had a heart attack or stroke.

6. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 3. BIRTH CONTROL PATCH Worn daily on the skin, helps prevent pregnancy when used correctly. A single patch is worn for a week at a time, even during activities. With perfect use, the patch can be 99.3% effective but this may decrease if a woman is more than 198 lbs.(90KG) A. How does it work? The sticky part of the patch contains the hormones estrogen and progestin and these hormones are absorbed through the skin into the blood stream and stop your body from releasing an egg each month. Should be applied on clean, dry skin. No oils, body wash, lotions or powders. Apply to the upper buttock, the upper outer arm, the abdomen or the upper body but not on the breasts.

7. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS BIRTH CONTROL PATCH CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? Works like the pill but you don’t have to take a pill Relatively inexpensive C. What are the disadvantages? Requires a medical prescription/full examination Does not protect against STI’s Same side effects as the birth control pill

8. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 4. CONDOMS A male or female condom is a barrier method of birth control to help prevent pregnancy and protect against STI’s 95 to 97% if used properly and if used in combination with a spermicide. Typical use is closer to 86% for a male condom and 79% for a female condom. A. How does it work? A condom acts as a wall barrier to prevent semen and vaginal fluid or blood from being passed between sexual partners during oral, vaginal or anal intercourse. It helps stop sperm from joining with an egg. Helps to protect against STI’s by keeping bacteria/viruses in and semen out of the vagina and bacteria/viruses in the vagina from entering the penis. It does not protect against infections that may be transferred by skin to skin contact when the skin is not covered by the condom during sexual activity. (example: genital herpes or warts)

9. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS CONDOMS CONTINUED B. What are the advantages of the condom? Easily available and inexpensive Offer extra protection from pregnancy when another method of birth control is used Provide protection against STI’s Both women and men can share responsibility for birth control and prevention of STI’s. People with latex allergies can use polyurethane condoms. They can transmit heat resulting in increased sensation for both men and women. No medical prescription needed C. What are the disadvantages of the condom? May interfere with the sensation of intercourse May be defective, could leak or break Must be stored in a cool, dry place and they have a expiry date Must be used properly from start to finish.

10. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS CORRECT CONDOM USE GAME PUT THE CARDS IN THEIR PROPER ORDER.

11. HOW TO PROPERLY USE A CONDOM 1. Carefully open the package, so not to damage the condom. 2. Handle the condom carefully, so you don’t tear it. Watch for rings or sharp fingernails. 3. Always put the condom on as soon as the penis is hard and erect (small drops of semen come out of the penis before the man reaches orgasm and even these small drops could carry sperm or germs.) 4. Unroll the condom onto the erect penis all the way down to the base. (either partner can do this) 5. When putting on the condom, leave some room at the tip to catch the semen. (squeeze out the air) 6. Never use oil based lubricants with latex condoms. It will cause them to break. 7. Immediately after ejaculation. Hold the rim of the condom around the base of the penis so semen cannot spill out. 8. Remove the condom, being careful not to spill the semen. Wash your hands. Never reuse the condom. 9. After intercourse a female condom should be removed before standing up.

12. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER • Condoms may feel awkward at first and may require some practice to use correctly. • Yeast infection treatments may damage a latex condom. Abstinence is recommended during and for three days after an treatment or use a polyurethane condom • If a condom breaks during sex, contact your doctor to consider emergency contraception which can prevent pregnancy • Non-spermicidal condoms are recommended because spermicides can cause genital irritation thereby increasing the risk of STI transmission • With latex condoms, there may be a slight decrease in sensation for the man. You can increase sensation by using a drop of water based lubricant in the condom before putting it on and by using extra lubricant on the outside of the condom. • Polyurethane breaks easier then latex. • Put used condoms in the garbage. Do not flush condoms down the toilet.

13. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 5. DIAPHRAGM A diaphragm is made of latex and is shaped like a saucer. It has a flexible rim. It covers the cervix (opening of the uterus) and stops the sperm from entering. You need to be fitted for the right size of diaphragm by a doctor. 95% theoretically effective if used with a spermicidal jelly A. How is it used? It is put in before intercourse, and must be kept in for at least 6 hours after intercourse. Must be used with a chemical barrier like a spermicide (cream or jelly that kills sperm)

14. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS DIAPHRAGM CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? You can leave in place for up to 24 hours It is an option for woman who can’t use birth control methods with hormones It is reuseable. No side effects C. What are the disadvantages? Must fit properly, so must visit a doctor every year If you lose or gain more than 5 kg, have b baby or have pelvic surgery you must also be refitted. Requires an additional spermicide Requires care in insertion Does not protect against STI’s May cause bladder infections in some women Increased use of spermicides may cause vaginal irritation which could lead to an increase risk of STI’s

15. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 6. SPERMICIDES Vaginal foams, creams, jellies and suppositories containing Nonoxynol 9 75% effective is used correctly Should be used in conjunction with a barrier like a condom A. How they work? These are chemical barriers that work to prevent sperm from reaching the uterus. They kill any sperm that comes into contact with it Must be inserted as high as possible in the vagina so that it covers the cervix Must be inserted before each intercourse, no more than 30 minutes prior and bathing and douching should not take place for 6 to 8 hours afterwards

16. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS SPERMICIDES CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? They cannot be felt but could provide extra lubrication No medical prescription Relatively inexpensive. Purchased at a drug store. C. What are the disadvantages? Must be inserted more than 30 minutes before Can be messy and inconvenient Some couples are allergic. Males may notice tingling in the urethra and both could experience a mild irritation after use. Women can develop urinary tract infections. Must be placed correctly Doesn’t protect against STI’s

17. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 7. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) Is a small soft T-shaped device with a nylon string attached. An IUD is inserted into the uterus by a health-care provider with specialized training Can provide effective contraception for 3 to 5 years IUD’s are 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy A. How does it work? Helps prevent egg and sperm from meeting. It may stop a fertilized egg from growing inside the uterus. Can be copper or hormonal. Copper IUD’s affect how the sperm move inside the body and decreases the chances of the sperm getting through the cervix to reach the egg Hormonal IUD’s works by foreign body and hormonal changes in the uterus because the cervical mucus becomes thicker reducing the ability of the sperm to get through the cervix to reach the egg

18. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS IUD’S CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? Long term contraceptive that is cost effective (3 to 5 years) IUD’s can be removed when you are ready to become pregnant It is convenient. No special upkeep required C. What are the disadvantages? Requires medical insertion and prescription Can fall out without you realizing it (2 TO 10%) Must check the connecting thread regularly May cause cramping and pelvic inflammatory disease May cause bleeding during periods Increased risk of tubal pregnancies or blockage of the fallopian tubes Does not protect against STI’s

19. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 8. SPONGE Is a piece of soft foam filled with three kinds of spermicides 80% effective if used correctly but only 60% effective if you have had a baby A. How is it used? Insert the sponge up to 6 hours before you have sex and leave it in place 6 hours after sex. It covers the cervix and helps to prevent the sperm from entering. It has two slots which make it easy to put in and take out Do not leave it in longer than 12 hours, to prevent irritation and lessen the small chance of Toxic Shock Syndrome Do not reuse. Dispose sponge in the garbage.

20. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS SPONGE CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? Easy to use and disposable Can be put into place before you have sex Buy at a drug store Inexpensive Option for women who cannot use a birth control method with hormones You can have sex more than once during this time as long as you leave the sponge in place for 6 hours after. C. What are the disadvantages? Not as effective It is more effective if used with another method May cause vaginal irritation (itching and swelling) Frequent use to increase the risk of STI’s due to vaginal irritation Does not protect against STI’s

21. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 9. VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE RING Flexible, 5.5 cm diameter clear plastic ring that you insert into your vagina to help prevent pregnancy With perfect use the ring can be 99% effective but there is an increased risk of pregnancy when the ring is not changed every 4 weeks or falls out A. How does it work? The ring contains two hormones, estrogen and progestin, which are absorbed into the blood stream and stop the body from releasing an egg each month. You insert and remove the ring yourself. The ring is held in place by the muscles in the wall of the vagina It remains in the vagina for 21 days and then remove the ring for 7 days during your period. Insert a new ring after the 7 days. The first month you use the ring, the first 7 days you should use an extra method of birth control (condom) Must store properly and use by the expiry date

22. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS CONTRACEPTIVE RING CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? Works like the pill but you don’t have to take a pill Relatively inexpensive C. What are the disadvantages? May have spotting or bleeding between periods Mild headaches, breast tenderness, moodiness, bloating, nausea May fall out Doesn’t protect against STI’s

23. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 10. STERILIZATION Tubal ligation (closure of the fallopian tubes) for females Done under general anesthetic and takes about 15 to 30 minutes. Vasectomy (closure of the vas deferens which prevents sperm being released into the semen) for males Done using local anesthetic(freezing) One or two cuts are made into the scrotum, where the doctor will pull out each tube and cut and remove a small section. The procedure takes about 15 to 30 minutes. These methods are a permanent method of birth control. They are 100% effective. They rarely fail. It may take 10 to 30 ejaculations for sperm not to be found in the semen.

24. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS STERILIZATION CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? Permanent No long term side effects Effective Free from worries of unplanned pregnancies No effect on sex drive C. What are the disadvantages? All surgeries have some risks of bleeding and infections Vasectomy is not effective right away Doesn’t protect you from STI’s Not easy to reverse. Permanent

25. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 11. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION Is a special kind of hormone pill that can prevent pregnancy after you have unprotected sex or your birth control method fails. Is only for emergency use and does not provide ongoing protection against pregnancy between periods Is most effective if taken within 24 hours of unprotected sex. Can be effective up to 5 days (120 hours) after unprotected sex. The longer you wait the effectiveness decreases from 95% (within the first 24 hours) to 31%(49 to 120 hours) Emergency contraception can be obtained by getting a prescription but also from your pharmacy.

26. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION CONTINUED A. How does it work? Depending on where you are in your menstrual cycle, emergency contraception may: stop or delay the release of the egg change the lining of the uterus change the movement of the egg and sperm, by slowing it down so fertilization and implantation may not occur It will not effect a pregnancy that has already been planted in the uterus. B. What are the advantages? No long term effects Back up when other methods fail C. What are the disadvantages? Might have light bleeding Headaches, cramps, bloating, nausea and vomiting

27. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 12. FERTILITY AWARENESS Methods to help tell you which days of the month you are most likely to get pregnant. To avoid pregnancy, abstinence is practiced during the fertile times. Usually used by couples who want to know the best time to try and get pregnant With perfect use they can be 91 to 99% effective but with typical use they are 75% effective in preventing pregnancy A. How is it used? BBT method The woman charts changes in her body temperature with a special thermometer just before getting up each morning. Changes occur just after ovulation. Ovulation method The woman notes the changes in the mucus that comes from the cervix and vagina S-T method Combines the first two methods and uses other signs as well like breast sensitivity, ovulation pain, and cervix changes All methods are long term and require accurate charting and a doctors advice

28. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS FERTILITY AWARENESS CONTINUED B. What are the advantages? It is natural No side effects Woman becomes aware of her body Free Use other means of sexual expression during abstinence periods C. What are the disadvantages? Must be taught how to recognize signs Must keep a chart Doesn’t work if you have irregular periods Difficult if you just started your period, are breast feeding, just had a baby or are nearing menopause Does not protect against STI’s

29. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 13. DEPO PROVERA (THE SHOT) Is an injection of a hormone taken every 12 weeks 99 % effective in preventing pregnancy A. How does it work? It stops the release of an egg and makes the mucous at your cervix thicker so that sperm cannot enter the uterus. Your first shot it given between the 1 and 5 day of your period and you will be protected against pregnancy right away Every twelve weeks you need to return to the doctor for another shot. You must be on time for each injection. B. What are the advantages? Effective Convenient and private

30. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS DEPO PROVERA CONTINUED C. What are the disadvantages? Your periods may change—extra bleeding or missed periods Stopped periods May be harder to get pregnant You main gain weight May develop osteoporosis Headaches, sore breasts, nausea, lack of sex drive No protection against STI’s

31. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS 14. WITHDRAWL Even if a couple, especially the man, had enough control over orgasm and ejaculation to withdraw before it occurred, thousands of sperm are present in fluid that flows from the end of the penis from the very beginning of erection. 15. RHYTHM Counting the days from menstruation. It is extremely inaccurate especially in adolescent females. It is possible for an ova to be present even during menstruation. 16. CHANCE

34. BIRTH CONTROL MYTHS METHODS THAT DO NOT WORK 1. DOUCHING (Washing out the vagina) 2. WITHDRAWL OF PENIS (coitus interruptus) 3. FIRST TIME SEX, ONE TIME SEX You can’t get pregnant if you only had sex once 4. WOMAN DOES NOT HAVE AN ORGASM 5. BREASTFEEDING 6. SEX WHILE STANDING UP 7. CALENDER METHOD 8. You will never get pregnant if you have sex exactly 14 days after menstruating or just after your period. 9. If you don’t enjoy sex, you can’t get pregnant.