Potential Assistance for Nuclear Infrastructure Development

1. Potential Assistance for Nuclear Infrastructure Development Akira Izumo Assistant Director Nuclear Energy Policy Division Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry February 2010

2. Contents • Overview: Why Nuclear Power? • Nuclear Energy Policy: Challenges we face. • International Cooperation: What we can share. • Conclusion: Lessons for new comers.

3. 1. Overview: Why Nuclear Power?

4. Increase of Global Energy Consumption • Global energy consumption will constantly increase, in particular, due to the rapid economic growth of the developing countries. Portion of developing countries would exceed a half of total global energy consumption in 2030. Source: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis –World Energy Council Scenario

5. Global Decline of New Oil Discovery (billions of barrels) Since 1960, discovery of new oil fields has stagnated AfricaCentral and South America/Asia Europe/North America Former USSR Global production Middle East • New oil discoveries have continued to decline for the past 40 years. Furthermore, over the last 20 years, increases from newly discovered reserves have been below total production volume and there is concern that we may be reaching the limits of available oil resources. Increase in known global oil reserves via discovery of new oil fields vs. total global oil production Source: World Energy Outlook 2004, IEA

6. Stability of Nuclear Fuel Supply Uranium is not concentrated in any specific regions, ensuring a stable supply. Abundance of Proven Natural Uranium Reserve Worldwide Source: OECD/NEA&IAEA, Uranium2007 Source: BＰ,Statistical Review of World Energy 2008

7. Economic Advantage of Nuclear Energy Fuel Cost Capital Cost Operation and Maintenance Cost • For its low portion of fuel cost, nuclear power generation is hardly affected by surge of resource prices. • Unit cost of nuclear power generation is lower than other sources. Comparison of Cost Composition by Electricity Source（Model Estimate） Hydro Oil Thermal Gas Thermal Coal Thermal 0％　　　　　20％　　　　　40％　　　　　60％　　　　　80％　　　 100％ Nuclear 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Natural uranium Costs for reprocessing and disposing of nuclear waste, etc. * The range of unit cost is depending on capacity utilization of each power sources. Source: “The ninth meeting of Panel on Costs, etc. of Subcommittee on Electricity Utility Industry of Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy” estimated by Federation of Electric Power Companies (January 2004) Solar and Wind estimates; “Report by New Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy” (June 2001) * Cost of nuclear power includes costs for reprocessing and disposing of nuclear waste.

8. Environmental Advantage of Nuclear Energy No CO2 emissions in the power generation process. CO2 reduction (example) Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent)per power generated • Replacing an average thermal power plant with one 1,350 MW nuclear power plant can cut CO2 emissions by around 6 million tons a year. • 6 million tons of CO2 is 0.5% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions in 1990 . Less More Replacing with one nuclear power plant can cut Japan’s total CO2 emissions by 0.5%. 1,350MWnuclear plant Avg. thermal power plant

9. 2. Nuclear Energy Policy: Challenges we face.

10. Initial Era of Nuclear Power in Japan Strong commitment was made toward introduction of nuclear energy. • Unified nationwide approach to nuclear power as “dream energy” • 1954 POLITICAL COMMITMENT • The Diet approved the national budget for nuclear development program. • 1955 LEGISLATIVE COMMITMENT • Atomic Energy Basic Act was legislated (into effect in 1956). • This act declares nuclear energy for peaceful purpose only. • 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT • Japan ratifies the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statute First NPP in Japan – TOKAI NPP (GCR, 166MW, decommissioning) • First Nuclear Power Generation in Japan • (Japan Power Demonstration Reactor: 12.5MW) • First Commercial Nuclear Power Plants Started in Operation • (Tokai NPP = Gas Cooled Reactor: 166MW) • 1970s Strong recognition of the importance of nuclear energy after the two oil crises. First BWR – TSURUGA unit 1 (357MW) First PWR – MIHAMA unit 1 (340MW)

11. Oil Crisis Resistance • After the Oil Crisis in the 1970s, Japan varied its power sources; from heavily relying on oil to shifting other sources including nuclear energy. Change in Share of Power Source Before the Oil Crisis (1973) Current (2007) Renewable Energy, etc. 1.8% Renewable Energy, etc. 2.3% Water Pump 1.1% Water Pump 1.2% Water 6.8% Oil 12.1% Water 16.0% LNG 2.4% Coal 4.7% Nuclear Energy 25.4% LNG 27.2% Nuclear Energy 2.6% Oil 71.4% Coal 25.2% Global warming problems

12. Structure of Nuclear Energy Related Organization of Japan Basic role of nuclear power development in Japan Policy Making – Government Development – Private Companies *MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, NISA: Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency *JAEA: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JNES: Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Agency

13. Law of safety regulation Basic Law for Emergency Preparedness Act for Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors Electricity Business Act Special Law of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster Cabinet Order / Ordinance of Ministry Cabinet Order for the Act Law on Compensation for Nuclear Damage Industrial Safety and Health Law Ordinance for Research Reactors Ordinance for Commercial Reactors Rules Law for Prevention of Radiation Hazards due to Radioisotopes, etc./Law for Technical Standards of Radiation Hazards Prevention Notifications / Rules Law for Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guideline and Rules of the Japan Electric Association Technical Standards of the Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan Technical Standards of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering Technical Standards of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan Structure of Nuclear Energy Related Laws and Regulations of Japan Atomic Energy Basic Act Notifications / Rules

14. Winter of Nuclear Energy Even in the period of the world-wide Winter of Nuclear Energy, Japan continued to promote nuclear power policy. • US and other Western countries withdraw from the nuclear fuel cycle and the construction of new nuclear power plants, whereas Japan consistently promoted nuclear power policy. • Beginning of strong backlash against nuclear power worldwide • Accident at Three Mile Island in the US • 1986 Accident at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union In parallel with these developments • The worldwide supply-demand balance for energy eased, leading to stable low energy prices • Liberalization policies were aimed at making the energy sector more efficient (*) Crude oil prices fell to between $10 and $20 per barrel and uranium prices fell below $7 per pound.

15. Return to Nuclear Energy To address the issues on energy security and climate change, nuclear energy is globally re-considered as a key power source. • The world enters a phase of global competition for resources • Sudden increase in global energy demand as a result of rapid economic growth in developing countries (e.g., Asian region). • Supply of crude oil remains flat; causing structural constraints in energy supply. (*) Crude oil prices rose above $145 per barrel (as of July, 2008). • Growing demand for measures to address global warming • Re-recognition of the necessity of nuclear power, which does not emit carbon dioxide in the electricity generation process • Re-recognition of the importance of energy security in industrialized nations • Countries such as, the US, the UK, and Finland, which had been taking a cautious stance toward nuclear power made a shift to policies returning to nuclear power. • It became imperative that Japan also needed to create a new national strategy. • New National Energy Strategy was made in May 2006 emphasizing energy security. • Nuclear Energy National Plan was made in August 2006 as the pillar of the New National Energy Strategy, stipulating a solid policy framework for promoting nuclear energy along with specific plans (see pages 18 and 19).

16. Global Oil Price Surge <Change Of Crude Oil Price and Electric Price> (Crude oil price: dollar/barrel (electric price : yen/kWh) 70.00 60.00 50.00 Crude oil price 40.00 Electric price* 30.00 20.00 10.00 Fiscal year 2004 2000 2003 2005 2006 2001 2002 *Total of light and electricity. (FY 2006 exclude Okinawa Electric Power Company) • Crude oil price has been rising more rapidly than at the time of oil crisis. • Electric price is stable in spite of jump of crude oil price. <Change of Crude Oil Price> The maximum price at 2008 （July.） $145.29（WTI Price） （dollar／barrel）　 July., 2008 （The maximum price） $134.09/barrel Maximum price at second oil crisis (1979) $34/barrel Maximum price at first oil crisis (1973) $11.65/barrel

17. “Three-Way Standoff” No one (i.e., government, utilities, plant makers) was taking the initiative for long term nuclear energy strategy. The government:placing the priority on electricity market deregulation. → hesitate to take the leadership for introducing the long-term target and strategy. Electric power utilities:fully occupied in dealing with immediate troubles and responding to deregulation. → tended to delay in making high-risk long-term investment strategy. Plant makers:reducing their investment in technology development and focusing on survival strategy in the situation where the government and electric power utilities failed to indicate the future strategies. • It became critical that Japan needed to break the “Three-Way Standoff” situation. • The government, utilities and plant makers need to frankly communicate and share their visions regarding the long-term nuclear energy strategy. • The government showed willingness to take the initiative, and clarified the policy framework along with the specific actions toward realizing policy goals.

18. Development of Nuclear Energy Policy “Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy” and “Nuclear Energy National Plan” Five Basic Guidelines for Nuclear Energy Policy I. Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does not waver over time. II. For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology trends. III. Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication and a shared vision among players. The government must take the first step by indicating the overall direction. IV. Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along the lines of national strategy. V. Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and even-handed discussions. • Basic targets under the Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy (Cabinet resolution adopted Oct. 2005) • (1) Have nuclear power continue to account for at least approximately 30 to 40% of total electricity generation even after the year 2030 • (2) Promote the nuclear fuel cycle • (3) Aim at the commercialization of fast-breeder reactors • As for policies to realize the basic targets, the Nuclear Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) compiled the “Nuclear Energy National Plan” in August 2006. • The Nuclear Energy National Plan forms the main part of the revised Energy Basic Plan (Cabinet resolution) in March 2007. 10 Essential Points of Nuclear Energy National Plan 1. Further expansion of NPP in liberalization market 2. Appropriate use of existing NPPs with assuring safety 3. Deploying strategies for acquiring natural resources 4. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle and strategically reinforcing of nuclear industries 5. Early commercialisation of FBR cycle 6. Assuring broaden technical and human resources to support the next generation 7. Supporting the international deployment of Japanese nuclear industry 8. Positive involvement in creating an international framework to uphold both nonproliferation and the expansion of nuclear power generation 9. Reinforcing trust between central government and local communities through highly detailed communication 10. Reinforcement of measures for radioactive waste disposal

19. 5 Basic Guidelines for Nuclear Energy Policy (August 2006, METI) • Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does not waver over time. • For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology trends. • Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication and a shared vision among players. The government must take the first step by indicating the overall direction. • Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along the lines of national strategy. • Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and even-handed discussions.

20. 10 Essential Points of National Nuclear Energy Plan (August 2006, METI) 1. Further expansion of NPP in liberalization market. 2. Appropriate use of existing NPPs with assuring safety. 3. Deploying strategies for acquiring natural resources. 4. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle and strategically reinforcing of nuclear industries. 5. Early commercialisation of FBR cycle. 6. Assuring broaden technical and human resources to support the next generation. 7. Supporting the international deployment of Japanese nuclear industry. 8. Positive involvement in creating an international framework to uphold both nonproliferation and the expansion of nuclear power generation. 9. Reinforcing trust between central government and local communities through highly detailed communication. 10. Reinforcement of measures for radioactive waste disposal.

21. Further Promotion of Nuclear Energy Policy • Promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy is our basic policy to ensure stable energy supply and address the global warming issue. • Increase nuclear energy proportion of total electricity generation to at least 40% even after 2020. • ~Necessary for realizing “▲15%compared to 2005”(June 2009)* • Raise proportion of “zero-emission electricity generation” including nuclear energy to over 50% by 2020. *Prime Minister Hatoyama stated that Japan will aim to reduce GHG by 25% compared to 1990 based on establishment of fair and effective international frameworkand consensus on ambitious target by all major economies. Nuclear Energy Promotion Reinforcement Policy (June 2009, METI) 1. Advanced use of existing reactors. ~Improving capacity factor (60% → 80%) 2. Facilitation of new construction and replacement. ~ New construction 9 reactors by 2018 3. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle. 4. Promoting mutual understanding between government and national citizens. 5. Coexistence of nuclear power plants and local life. 6. Action to worldwide nuclear energy movements.

22. GHG in Japan: record and prospect （million ton –CO2 equivalent ton） 8 % reduction, compared to 1990 Effect of reduction by measures 1486 new construction : 9 reactors capacity factor： 60%→80% 1358 +9% 96nuclear -15% 200energy conservation 1261 18new energy ＋８％ ＋１８％ Reduction Goal - 25% (315) 15control of CFC’s, etc. 1157 - ８％ base line maximum improvement • Nuclear power supply: Same level as 2005 • No energy conservation measures “Long-Term Outlook on Energy Supply and Demand”（August, 2009） 19902005 2020

23. Improving Capacity Factor • The rate of capacity utilization in Japan has been lower recent years (58% in 08), due to such problems as falsified inspections, equipment troubles, and earthquake damages, making it harder for Japan to meet its Kyoto obligations. • With safety assurance as a major condition, the government and power companies must continue every effort to recover public trust and achieve mutual understanding. Worldwide rate of capacity utilization 100 90 80 70 60 0 Inspections were conducted ahead of schedule and for longer than normal due to falsifications in Aug. 2002. US Germany Russia • Longer inspection for preventive safety • Trouble and natural disaster, etc. 04: Mihama No. 3 secondary pipe break 05: Miyagi quake (Onagawa Nos. 1to 3) 06: Shika No. 1cover-up of criticality accident, steam turbine damage inHamaoka No. 5and Shika No. 2, etc. * Utilization rate (%) Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant shut down due to July 2007earthquake, etc. 58% 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 0708 *The rate of operation in France is relatively low because of the load-based operation policy, whereby output is lowered when demand drops. Source: IAEA Web site PRIS ☆How improved capacity utilization cuts CO2 emissions FY07 CO2 emissions (capacity factor 60.7%):1,371 mil. t (1990level +8.7%) Assuming 1998 capacity factor (84.2%): 1,308 mil. t (1990 level +3.7%) 5% improvement (63 mil. t)

24. Nuclear Power Plants in Japan • Currently 54 units (30 BWR, 24 PWR) are operating and 14 are scheduled to be built • (including 2 under construction). 3 Tokyo 6 Output scale In Operation Under Construction Preparing for Construction <500MW ≧1000MW <1000MW

25. Building New Nuclear Power Plants • Promote new 9 units which should be in operation by the end of 2018. • With a view to replace in the future, promote further new units steadily. Nuclear power plant which will be in operation by the end of 2018

26. Long Term Framework for Nuclear Energy in Japan （Basic Projection as a Visual Image）

27. Closing Nuclear Fuel Cycle • Energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan is 4% which is the lowest among the developed countries. • To ensure the stable energy supply, Japan has a basic policy to develop nuclear energy, especially nuclear fuel cycle. • Nuclear fuel cycle enables: • Finite uranium resources to be used effectively, thus contributing to a stable supply of energy • Amounts of high-level radioactive waste to be reduced. • By recycling spent fuel, approximately 10% of natural uranium can be saved as a quasi-domestic source of energy . • Once fast breeder reactors (FBRs) are introduced and a breeding cycle established, a semi-perpetual supply of domestic energy will be realized.

28. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Image in Japan LWR (53 in operation) FBR* MOX Fuel MOX Fuel FBR Cycle [future] LWR Cycle [present] MOX Fuel Fabrication Plant @Rokkasho Completion in 2015 Spent Fuel MOX Fuel Fabrication Plant for FBR FBR Spent Fuel Pu, U Pu, U High-level Radioactive Waste(HLW) Reprocessing Plant @Rokkasho Completion in Oct. 2010 Reprocessing Plant for FBR * Prototype FBR “MONJU”: under testing for restart DEMO FBR: introduction by around 2025 Commercial FBR: introduction by around 2050 Final Disposal Site (inviting application)

29. Nuclear Industries of Japan • [CONSTRUCTION] • 3 NPP suppliers in Japan • High standard major reactor systems; BWR/ABWR, PWR/APWR (Small-Medium sized reactor as well) • Highly acclaimed the ability of construction “on schedule, on budget” • [NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION] • 9 of 10 regional electricity utilities and 2 electricity producers have nuclear power plants. • 9 Regional Electricity Utilities • Hokkaido Electric Power Company • Tohoku Electric Power Company • Tokyo Electric Power Company • Chubu Electric Power Company • Hokuriku Electric Power Company • Kansai Electric Power Company • Chugoku Electric Power Company • Shikoku Electric Power Company • Kyushu Electric Power Company • 2 Electricity Producers • Japan Atomic Power Company • J-Power (Electric Power Development Company) 3 Japanese NPP suppliers • [SUPPLY CHAIN] • A lot of high quality component and material suppliers in Japan. • NPP suppliers have got the advantageous position because easily get the high quality component domestically. Company A: Approx.80% share of large forging for pressure vessels and steam generator in international market Company B: Approx.30% share of heat-transfer tube for steam generator in international market Company C: Approx.40% share of completely leak-less Canned Motor Pumps in international market Example of component suppliers for NPP

30. Maintenance of Technical Capacity and Human Resources It is a critical issue whether Japan can maintain sufficient technical capability and human resources in its nuclear industry until around 2030, when many replacement reactors must be constructed. Number of nuclear power plants under construction # of reactors ? Period of massive reactor replacement Period of scarce new construction [Source: Survey by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy] 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2025 2030 2035 [Year] • Support for maintaining technical capability and human resources: • Launching public/private united development project on the next-generation LWR. • Supporting research and development on essential parts/ materials to be used for NPPs. • Strengthening high-level nuclear-related human resources development at universities, laboratories, and nuclear industries.

31. Renewable Energy and Nuclear Energy • Introducing solar, wind and other renewable energy sources is also an extremely efficient means of reducing CO2 emissions. • At present, however, these renewable energy sources still have issues of supply stability (energy cannot be generated on rainy days or when the wind does not blow), economic feasibility, etc. Comparison of Each Type of Electricity Generation Photovoltaic Power Generation An area 0.9 times the size of Manhattan Island (approx. 58km2) (3.9 trillion yen) Wind Power Generation An area 3.4 times the size of Manhattan Island (approx. 214km2) (870 billion yen) One Nuclear Power Reactor 1000 MW class (280 billion yen) ＝ ＝ * Under the present conditions, the power output of systems using natural energy such as solar power generation and wind power generation is prone to fluctuation, so backup power sources are essential.

32. Direction of Energy Policy The direction of energy policy is not Nuclear energy “OR” Renewable energy but Nuclear energy “AND” Renewable energy Considering stable energy supply and addressing the issue of global warming, it is appropriate to expect that nuclear power generation will continue to account for at least 40% of Japan’s total power generation even after 2020.

33. Enhancing Public Acceptance To promote nuclear energy policy, it is indispensable to gain and keep the confidence of the national and local communities through open, timely and detailed communication. • Building trust between national government and local communities • Create a visible presence in communities where nuclear facilities are sited, dealing sincerely with their particular concerns in meetings at all levels. • Enhance direct dialog with local residents (in small face-to-face meetings, etc.). • Ultimately the responsible persons at the national level should make clear the government’s thinking and policy. • Holding detailed hearings and promoting awareness • Direct special attention at groups showing low interest. • Make use of outside experts in nuclear energy, etc. • Supporting development of local communities • Provide financial support for sustainable development of the prefectures where nuclear power plants or nuclear fuel cycle facilities are located. • Enhancing public understanding and education • Distribute educational materials for elementary school children and high school students to enhance proper understanding of the necessity of nuclear energy. • Making use of warm water drained from NPPs for agriculture and fishery • By making use of warm water drained from nuclear power plants, there are fish nurseries or research institutes studying how to use warm water for agriculture and fishery.

34. Fishery, Tourism and Local Life near NPPs in Japan Mihama NPP and Fishery Tomari NPP and an sport event on the ocean People on the beach near Mihama NPP

35. Visitors to operating NPPs in Japan Visitors on the top of the nuclear reactor in Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Visitors to Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Top of the nuclear reactor

36. Using warm water drained from NPPs for fish nurseries in Japan Fish nursery near Takahama NPP

37. 3. International Cooperation: What we can share.

38. Growing Number of Countries Planning Nuclear Power Plants • China, India, Russia • （Current：China: 11plants・９ＧW, India: 17pllants・４ＧＷ, Russia: ３１plants・２２ＧW） • 20〜40 new nuclear power plants construction in each country • Europe: UK, Italy, Sweden etc. • Leery of nuclear energy after Chernobyl accident (1986) • Policy change to new nuclear plant construction Japan：54 plants, 0.5 bil.ｋＷ（12％） • Countries planning introduction of nuclear power are rapidly increasing, • Especially, concrete plans are under progress in South-East Asia and Middle-East countries. • USA： • （Current：１０４plants/１０１GW） • No new plant construction after the 1970s. • New nuclear power plant construction starts after 30 year hiatus World 3.7 bil.kW （April 2009） Countries newly introducing or planning NPPs Countries currently introduced NPPs 37

39. Global Spread of Nuclear Power Investment Plans • The IAEA forecasts that by 2030, the world’s nuclear power plant installed capacity will grow by anywhere from 40% to 100%. The number of reactors (1000 MW class) will grow by 100 to 380 (5 to 17 built per year). • The IAEA estimates that if the upper range is achieved, 23 countries will newly introduce nuclear energy by 2030. • East Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia will see major increases. Capacity Utilization of World-wide Nuclear Power Plants in 2030 (IAEA Forecast) GW 807 GW 100% increase 511GW 372GW 40% increase 38 Sources: IAEA

40. Importance of Non-proliferation, Safety and Security • Ensuring non-proliferation, safety and security is important in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. • Japan has a potential of contribution toward international expansion of nuclear energy based on Japan’s long experience of the peaceful nuclear use.

41. Potential Areas of Nuclear Energy Cooperation Japan is actively cooperating with countries which are newly planning nuclear power development, while ensuring non-proliferation, safety, and security. The following is the major areas where Japan provides cooperative activities to the new comers. • Establishment of domestic structure, organization, and legislation necessary for ratification of nuclear-related treaties, conventions and agreements. • Establishment of nuclear power development program and regulatory system. • Human Resources Development. • Physical protection of nuclear installations. • Technical aspects, especially seismic and volcanic issue. • Public Information and education. • How to implement cooperative activities: • Seminars and workshops for decision makers. • Courses, seminars and workshops for governmental officials, on establishment of nuclear development program, legal structure, and governmental organization. • Practical training courses for engineers, using simulation console or mockup. • Seminars and workshop for public information. • Visit to nuclear power station or manufacturers.

42. Japan’s Framework for International Nuclear Energy Cooperation • For effective and efficient implementation of international nuclear cooperation, new framework was established in Japan. Typical needs of nuclear energy cooperation ※Major players of cooperation in Japan are in bracket. 　○Providing advanced plants with outstanding safety and economical efficiency (manufacturers) 　○Financing support including low interest rate loan etc. (government) 　○Providing guarantee of nuclear fuel supply (utilities, manufacturers) 　○Cooperating in the field of reprocessing and managing nuclear waste（utilities, government) 　○Developing human resources in a wide variety of areas such as operation, safety regulations, laws and regulations, etc.（utilities, government） 　○Promoting public acceptance (PA) in the NPP site areas（utilities, government） Framework for promoting nuclear energy cooperation International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC) ○Purpose Considering the situations and needs of the recipient countries, in order to implement nuclear energy cooperation in an more effective and efficient manner, the International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council was established as a forum where the relevant governmental authority and nuclear-related institutes share information and enhance their cooperation on June 18, 2009. ○ Participants - Industry (Manufacturers, Utilities, Nuclear-related Institutes) - Governmental Authorization (METI, MOFA, MEXT, Cabinet Office) ○Purpose For the purpose of providing effective and efficient cooperation, JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC) was founded as a core institution of contact window vis-à-vis foreign counties as well as a connector among domestic nuclear-related organizations on March 18, 2009. ○Role of JICC 　・Operator of nuclear energy cooperation 　・Coordinator of related organizations 　・Provider of “one-stop” and “tailor-made” service to each country

43. International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council Strengthening collaboration and information sharing among the domestic nuclear related organisations to implement a more effective and efficient cooperation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nuclear Material Control Center

44. Structure for International Nuclear Energy Cooperation International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council METI, NISA, MEXT, MOFA, Cabinet Office, Manufacturers, Utilities, Institutions PORTAL of One Stop Service JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC) info@jaif-icc.com NEW COMER COUNTRY NEW COMER COUNTRY NEW COMER COUNTRY

45. Human Resources Development for NPPs in Vietnam NPP Site-2 Office 400 NPP Site-1 Office 400 Administration Planning Public Info. Adm. & Commercial 53 Management Construction Research NPP Unit# 1 NPP Unit# 1 NPP Unit# 2 NPP Unit# 2 PA & Cooperation 22 Operation School Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50) Unit#2 Operation (Shift 55) Unit#1 Operation (Shift 55) Approximately 1000 persons are necessary for Regulatory Body, R&D and Operation. A：SafetyRegulation150person B：R&D225person C：PowerCompany995person=120+75+400+400 Nuclear Division Organization NPP Site Organization Total: 995 persons Head Quarter Office (HaNoi) 120 Total: 400 persons Site Manager Local City General Affairs 75 Plant Management 20 (Coordination) site1 Local Head Office 75 Training Center 15 Quality Assurance 5 Engineering Gr 45 Maintenance Center 70 Technology Center 55 Operation Gr 125 22 38 60 Core & Fuel management 10 Chemical 10 Radwaste & RI 10 Radiation Protection and monitoring and others 15 Fabrication 35 Repair 10 Safety 10 Project management 10 Reactor 10 Turbine 10 Generator 10Electric 10 Control 10 Inspection 10 site2 Operator management(15)

46. Roadmap of Human Resources Development for Vietnam Based on Japan’s experience, Road Map of Human Resources Development was tailor for Vietnam. (HRD Case-3：　2Reactor Types,2sites4units,C/O：2019,2020 + 2020,2021) 2005 2009 Safety Law & Regulation150 person Research & Development225 person Power Company995 person 45

47. Long-term Cooperation by Various Organizations Japan has implemented various cooperative activities through various organizations. 199719981999 200020012002 2003 200420052006200720082009 FS MOIT, MOST Preliminary Study Pre-FS Approved Nuc.Law ▽ Approved Long Term Strategy ▽ Started Nuclear Power WG ▽ Ratified CTBT ▽ 1999～2000 ( MOIT – JCI etc) 1997～1999、 Memorandum Of Cooperation “Study on nuclear power plant in VN” △ 2006/4～( MOIT/EVN/VAEI – JETRO ) 2000/3～ ( VAEI – JAIF ) “All Japan Cooperation in various activities ” (Technical Visit, Training, Law & Regulation, Seminar & Exhibition etc) 2002/8～2003 ( EVN/IE – JCI ) Pre-FS Study VAEI-JAIF Cooperation (MOIT/EVN/IE/MOST/VAEI) 2005/5～ ( EVN/VAEI – JAIF/JETRO ) 2000/9～ ( VAEI – JAEA ) Human Resource Develop EVNGr1,2,3 MOIT/IE/VAEI Gr4,5,6 Gr7,8 Gr9,10 MOIT/IE/VAEI 2009/7～ ( MOST/VARANS –JAEA ) 2000/5～ ( VAEI – JAIF/JEPIC/JETRO ) Nuclear Law / Related Regulation 46

48. Future Cooperation for NPPs in Vietnam Vietnam and Japan continue various cooperation to enhance strategic mutually-beneficial relationship. 2010 2015 2020 2025 MOC △ NPP Construction Site and Harbor Development Commercial Operation △ Law & Regulation and Regulatory Body Establishment Safety Examination Construction Permit& Inspection △ Japan continues comprehensive cooperation with Vietnam on the basis of safety, reliable and long year experience with state-of-the-art technologies to realize the 1st Nuclear Power Plant in Vietnam. Feasibility Study, NPP Construction & Management, Safety Operation & Maintenance, Safety Laws & Regulations, Safety Examination, Environment Assessment, Construction Inspection, Human Resources Developing, Finance & Insurance, Public Understanding, Exhibition, Seminar, Consultation, Facility visit, VIP dialog and so on. MOC Topography Inspection Environmental Assessment and Investigation Establishment Permit Application Feasibility Study Pre-FSApproval △ △ Basic Design Detail Design Manufacturing 47

49. 4. Conclusion: Lessons for new comers.

50. Lessons for Countries Newly Introducing NPPs • Strong and stable governmental / political commitment: • Placing priority on non-proliferation, safety and security. • Taking a strong initiative to lead the domestic utilities and industries. • Making stable commitment to cover the entire life of NPPs. • Solid plans for developing infrastructure: • Establishing solid plans to realize its nuclear power program. • Drawing concrete milestones to achieve timely development of infrastructure. • *referring to “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power” by IAEA. • Firm strategies for human resources development: • Evaluating educational capability in the full range of science and technology. • Developing concrete strategies and roadmap for educating, training, and managing personnel in policy-making authorities, regulatory bodies, and organizations relating to construction, operation, and maintenance of NPPs. • Realistic policies for industrial involvement: • Assessing industrial capabilities at both national and local levels. • Creating short-term and long-term policies for fostering domestic industry. • Public relations and stakeholders’ participation. • Enhancing public relations and assuring stakeholders’ participation with clear knowledge and understanding on nuclear power development.