Unit 8 Love and Help

1. Unit 8 Love and Help

2. Part I Warming up • Seven Public Welfare Advertisements • Key words: care; support; home better society; litter; fine; a 4-letter word; equal opportunities; food hygiene

3. Vocabulary • imprisonment: n. putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment; the act of confining someone in a prison; the state of being imprisoned • harmony: agreement in feeling or opinion; accord: live in harmony

4. discrimination: Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice: racial discrimination; discrimination against foreigners. • preventive: intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle: preventive measures • cholera: an acute infectious disease of the small intestine （小肠）, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes. 霍乱。Also called Asiatic cholera

5. hepatitisA: an infection of the liver that is caused by an RNA virus, is transmitted by ingestion of infected food and water, and has a shorter incubation and generally milder symptoms than hepatitis B. Also called infectious hepatitis • diarrheal disease: excessive and frequent evacuation of watery feces, usually indicating gastrointestinal distress or disorder 畅胃疾病 • clense: to free from dirt, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean.

6. Key: • 1. living alone / care and support / warms their hearts / Social Welfare / 23432255 / Family Services • 2.  it’s also our home / taking more pride • 3.  roles to play / do our part • 4. walk away from a fine / $25,000 /six months’ • 5. a 4-letter word/ sick / in disgust / go away / at home / in schools / affected • 6. men and women / Sex discrimination / equal opportunity / 25118211 • 7. preventive measures / boiled water / cut fruits / shellfish / food hygiene

7. Part II • Anti-AIDS campaign • A.     A report about the spread of HIV and the possibility of curing AIDS. • Key words: Aids epidemic / microbe / HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) / vaccine

8. Pre-listening: • 1.What do AIDS and HIV stand for? acquired immune deficiency syndrome; human immunodeficiency virus • 2.How is it transmitted? A severe immunological disorder caused by the HIV, resulting in a defect in cell-mediated immune response that is manifested by increased susceptibility n.易感性opportunistic infections and to certain rare cancers, especially Kaposi's sarcomas[医]肉瘤, 恶性毒瘤. It is transmitted primarily by exposure to contaminated body fluids, especially blood and semen

9. Vocabulary • microbe: a minute life form; a microorganism, especially a bacterium that causes disease • plague: a "stroke" of affliction, or disease; a highly infectious, usually fatal, epidemic disease; a pestilence • relentlessly: continuously severely or cruelly • lethal: capable of causing death; plague: a serious (sometimes fatal) infection transmitted by the bite of an infected rat flea (especially bubonic plague) • epidemic: an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely; e.g. SARS epidemic

10. TB: tuberculosis肺结核 • an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the tubercle bacillus and characterized by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and other tissues of the body, often developing long after the initial infection. • tuberculosis of the lungs, characterized by the coughing up of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain

11. malaria: an infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating, caused by a protozoan原生动物of the genus Plasmodium 疟原虫in red blood cells, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female anopheles疟蚊mosquito • prevalence: being widespread; "the prevalence of dysentery is horrible" • magnitude: greatness in size or extent: The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend • greatness in significance or influence: was shocked by the magnitude of the crisis

12. pandemic: widespread; Epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting a large proportion of the population: pandemic influenza. • fester: to become infected and diseased • inconceivable: too strange to be thought real or possible; impossible to imagine: inconceivable folly; an inconceivable disaster. • therapeutic: tending to cure or restore to health; having a good effect on one’s health: therapeutic exercises; therapeutic diets • avert: to ward off (something about to happen); prevent something unpleasant from happening: averted an accident by turning sharply

13. unparalleled: too great to be equal: unparalleled athletic ability"; "a breakdown of law unparalleled in our history" • concerted: planned or accomplished together; combined: We made a concerted effort to solve the problem

14. Instructions: • Listen to the report carefully and complete the following statements • 1.January 2000; 15 million; 40 million; viral infection; immune system • 2.3 million; deadliest microbe; • 3.34 developing countries; 2% or greater • 4. gloom and doom; two years; 14 AIDS drugs; U.S. and Western Europe

15. 5.2025; major killer; 40 years; public health gains; 50 • 6.huge population; biggest impact; from 100 million to 1 billion; India and China • 7.fester; 0.5% • 8.inconceivable; AIDS vaccine; political will; who need it most

16. B. A report about sex education in the United States • Pre-listening: • Do you think that school should include sex education in their curriculum? Why or why not?

17. Debate on Sex Education in the U.S.: • In the debate over sex education, one thing is undisputed: The average kid today is immersed in sexual imagery.色情图片. • Kids are becoming more sexually active at an earlier age. 66% of American high school students have had sex by their senior year. • And these same teens are paying the price by contracting dangerous — and sometimes deadly — sexually transmitted diseases.

18. According to the Centers for Disease Control and the Kaiser Family Foundation, approximately 65% of all sexually transmitted infections contracted by Americans this year will occur in people under 24. One in four new HIV infections occurs in people younger than 22. • How much to teach? • One side in the debate favors comprehensive sex education, including detailed information about sexually transmitted diseases, contraception and abstinence. • The opposing side pushes for an abstinence-only message that advises teens to wait until marriage.

19. Since there is no federal law that requires public schools to teach sex education, let alone one that specifies what should be taught, these decisions are left up to states and individual school districts. • Currently 18 states and the District of Columbia require schools to provide sex education and 32 do not. In some states, such as Louisiana, kids might learn about HIV/AIDS, but not about any other STDs or how to prevent pregnancy. In other states, like Washington, teens receive information on everything from birth control pills to homosexuality.

20. In a study of 35 sex education programs around the world, the World Health Organization found there is no evidence that comprehensive programs encourage sexual activity. • The study also concluded that abstinence-only programs are less effective than comprehensive classes that include abstinence and safe-sex practices such as contraception and condom use. • Despite all the disagreement, there is some middle ground in the debate. • Advocates of comprehensive sex education say the abstinence-only message ignores information critical for teens to protect their health. But they are not against the abstinence message itself.

21. Parents vs. public schools • While activists argue over the right balance, reports show that American parents want some sort of sex education taught in public schools. • A 1999 survey conducted by Hickman-Brown Research Inc. found that 93 percent of all Americans believe sex education should be taught in high schools, and 84 percent believe it should be taught in middle or junior high schools.

22. the comprehensive sex education classes taught schools include information about contraception, abortion and homosexuality. • Fight brews over fundingWith both sides so far apart, there are few signs that a compromise over sex education will be reached anytime soon. In fact, the battle is only likely to become more heated in the coming year.

23. Vocabulary • curriculum: all the courses of study offered by an educational institution. • a group of related courses, often in a special field of study: the engineering curriculum • abstainer: a person who keeps oneself from doing something, esp. with an effort • n.节制者, 戒酒者, 弃权者 • contraception: birth control by the use of contraceptive devices n.避孕, 避孕法 • transmitted (disease): tending to occur among members of a family usually by heredity; "a n inherited disease

24. human reproduction: 人类繁殖 • rape: (esp. of a man) to have sex with someone esp. a woman against her will • condom: n.避孕套 • abortion: termination of pregnancy 流产 • homosexuality: sexual activity with another of the same sex

25. Instructions: • Listen to the report and complete the following statements with proper numbers and information • 1.12th; 90%; two • 2.7th and 8th; half; 1,500, peer pressure; contraception; safe sex; sexually transmitted; HIV AIDS • 3. 1/3; abstainers; 80%; wait to have sex; birth control; safe sex • 4.40%; 22%; • 5.1/3; parents; 61%; friends; television; movies and magazines

26. Instructions: • Listen again and answer the following questions in note form. • 1. elementary school • 2. abstainers; basics of human reproduction; HIV Aids; sexually transmitted diseases; rape; safe sex; condoms; birth control; abortion; homosexuality • 3. want schools to teach more • 4. parents; don’t talk about sex; want school to do it • 6.a need for more sex education; more practical approach to dangers and risks

27. Part III Drug Therapy • A. A report about drug therapy • Key Words: prescription drugs; depression; controlled drugs; psychological disorders; aggressive behavior; overeating; drug therapy; Time Banking; time broker; time credits

28. Vocabulary • sterioid: 类固醇 • illicit: against a law or a rule • pharmaceutical: n. medicine adj. connected with the making of medicine • insomnia: chronic inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate length of time • sedative: having a soothing, calming, or tranquilizing effect; reducing or relieving anxiety, stress, irritability, or excitement • hypnotic: sleeping pill

29. psychotropic: adj. affecting the mind or mood or other mental processes; "psychoactive drugs (药物)作用于精神的 • stone: a unit of weight in Great Britain, 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) • serotonin: a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory n.含于血液中的复合胺 • contentious: controversial; likely to cause argument • prone: likely to suffer (usu. sth. undesirable)

30. amphetamine: n.[药]安非他明 a colorless, volatile liquid, C9H13N, used as a central nervous system stimulant in the treatment of certain conditions, such as attention deficit, hyperactivity 活动过度, 极度活跃disorder, depression, and narcolepsy 嗜眠发作, and abused illegally as a stimulant • anti-depression: 抗抑郁 • Viagra: a trademark used for the drug sildenafil citrate (柠檬酸盐)

31. International Narcotics Control Board国际毒品控制委员会: • The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB or Board) is the independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug conventions, established in 1968 by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961. It had predecessors under the former drug conventions since the time of the League of Nations. • The Board is independent of Governments as well as of the United Nations; its 13 members serve in their personal capacity. They are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and their work is financed by the United Nations. Three members are elected from a list of candidates nominated by WHO and 10 from a list nominated by Governments

32. Adifax: slimming drug; drug taken to lose weight • Prozac: a commonly prescribed antidepressant (trade name Prozac); a serotonin-selective re-uptake inhibitor • Attention Deficit Disorder: abr. ADD. a syndrome, usually diagnosed in childhood, characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsiveness, a short attention span, and often hyperactivity, and interfering especially with academic, occupational, and social performance • Ritalin: a central nervous system stimulant (trade name Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy in adults and attention deficit disorder in children n. [药]盐酸哌醋甲酯, 利他林(中枢兴奋药)[商标名]  

33. Task A1. Listen to the first half of the report and focus on the questions and answers

34. 1. Some legal prescription drugs are being taken in worrying quantities in the West. • 2. In developed countries, the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of sedative hypnotics are growing. • 3. Drugs to treat psychological disorders are often given hastily, and without considering the underlying causes of the patients’ problems. • 4. Advances in biochemistry are being used to mask what children really need—more discipline or more care. And Prof. Rose is afraid that Western culture is now so wedded to pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer to everything.

35. Task A2 Listen again and take notes for the supporting examples of treatment mentioned in the report.

37. Task B. Listen to the second half of the report and focus on the questions and answers • 1. Patients are linked together with a time broker who involves them in projects to build up time credits. • 2. Where money is short, this kind of time credit system can bring people with social problems a lot of benefit. • 3. Themes like that do remind us that chemicals are only part of the answer to social problems, and a well-functioning society must be the background to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and anger need to be seen as problems of relationship, not just brain chemistry.