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Overview of the Urogenital system: Urinary division

Overview of the Urogenital system: Urinary division. Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra. The Urinary System The mammalian Kidney. Macroanatomy of the Kidney. Organs of the Urogenital system. Kidney Macroanatomy Frontal Section. Kidney Regions Cortex Medulla Pyramids papilla

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Overview of the Urogenital system: Urinary division

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  1. Overview of the Urogenital system: Urinary division • Kidneys • Ureter • Bladder • Urethra

  2. The Urinary SystemThe mammalian Kidney Macroanatomy of the Kidney

  3. Organs of the Urogenital system

  4. Kidney MacroanatomyFrontal Section • Kidney Regions • Cortex • Medulla • Pyramids • papilla • Renal Pelvis • Minor calyces • Major calyx • Renal Artery and Vein • artery branches and vein tributaries

  5. Location and structure of nephrons

  6. Kidney Function • Excretory Function • Filters blood plasma, eliminates waste, returns useful chemicals to blood • Homeostatic Functions (Endocrine System) • Osmoregulatory Function • Regulates osmolarity of body fluids • Regulates blood volume and pressure • Secretes renin, activates angiotensin, aldosterone • controls BP, electrolyte balance • Secretes erythropoietin, controls RBC count • Regulates PCO2 and acid base balance • Gluconeogenesis

  7. Kidney Function Excretory -- Formation of Urine Filter and Excrete toxins, metabolic waste products, excess ions, organic acids, and nitrogenous wastes. The main waste products excreted in urine are the nitrogenous compounds. Uric acid: results from the catabolism of nucleic acids • Urea: • derived from • the breakdown • of amino acids • Proteins  amino acids  NH2 removed  forms ammonia which the liver converts to urea Creatinine: derived from The breakdown of creatine phosphate ( a molecule in muscle that stores energy used in the synthesis of ATP)

  8. Kidney Microanatomy

  9. Kidney Microanatomy • Nephron (renal tubule) • Glomerular capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henle • Decending limb • Ascending limb • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting Duct

  10. Kidney Urine FormationFiltration – Reabsorption – Secretion

  11. Kidney Urine FormationFiltration Blood with all materials enters the glomerular capillaries Small molecules pass from the capillaries into the capsular space sodium (Na +) H2O glucose potassium (K+) nitrogenous wastes These molecules are filtered by cell membranes based on size and charge Renal Corpusle

  12. Kidney Filtration Membrane • Fenestrated endothelium • of the glomerular capillaries • 70-90nm pores exclude blood cells • Basement membrane (main molecular filter) • Proteoglycan gel, negative • charge excludes molecules • > 8nm (ex. Proteins) • Filtration slits • Podocyte (cells of the viseral layer of the glomerular capsule) arms have pedicels • with negatively charge • filtration slits Renal Corpusle

  13. The filtration slits

  14. The Juxtaglomerular apparatus: senses BP in the afferent arteriole

  15. Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Mechanisms • Leakage or Diffusion • through tight junction • Active transport • Secondary active • transport-- antiport • Facilitated diffusion • Diffusion through • membrane channel • Solvent Drag: H2O absorb • by osmosis and drags • solute along with it • Pinocytosis Peritubular capillary Epithelial cells Tubular Fluid

  16. Secretion into the Proximal Convoluted Tubule and Nephron Loop • Additional waste materials enter the tubule from the interstitial fluid by the same mechanisms which facilitated reabsorption. • Waste removal • urea, uric acid, bile salts, ammonia, catecholamines, many drugs • Acid-base balance • secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions regulates pH of body fluids • Primary function of nephron loop • water conservation, also involved in electrolyte reabsorption

  17. Summary of MoleculesReabsorbed and Secreted

  18. Urine • Physical Characteristics • Color: due to urochromate (pigment released in hemoglobin catabolism) • Odor: Ammonia, due to bacterial metabolism • pH: ~6.0 (acidic) that varies with diet • Specific gravity: more dense than distilled water • Chemical Characteristics • 95% water, 5% solutes • Urea: Nitrogenous wastes from catabolism of Amino Acids, creatine phosphate, etc.

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