1 / 39

Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular Health. Chapter 15. Introduction. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Leading cause of death in the U.S> Claims one life every 35 seconds CVD is due to our way of life. The Cardiovascular System. Pulmonary circulation Blood to and from the lungs. Systemic circulation

efrem
Download Presentation

Cardiovascular Health

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Cardiovascular Health Chapter 15

  2. Introduction • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) • Leading cause of death in the U.S> • Claims one life every 35 seconds • CVD is due to our way of life ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  3. The Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary circulation • Blood to and from the lungs. • Systemic circulation • Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body. • Total blood volume for a 150 pound person is about 5 quarts, which circulates once every minute ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  4. Cardiovascular System • Systole • The hearts contraction • Diastole. • The period of relaxation ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  5. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  6. Cardiovascular System • Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes and wastes. • Four chambers (size of a fist). • Upper chambers (Atriums). • Right atrium contains the sinus node • Lower chambers (Ventricles). • Vena cava. • Pulmonary Artery and vein. • Aorta. • Coronary Arteries and veins. • Veins • Capillaries ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  7. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  8. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  9. Risk Factors For Cardiovascular Disease • Major Risk factors • Contributing Risk Factors • Four Major Risk Factors that can be changed. • Tobacco use. • High blood pressure. • High levels of cholesterol. • Physical inactivity. • Obesity. • Diabetes. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  10. Tobacco Use • 1 in 5 deaths from CVD is a smoker • Smokers have 2-4 times higher risk of death from a heart attack, than non-smokers • Reduces HDL’s • CO displaces O2 • Causes platelets to become sticky and increases blood thickness ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  11. High Blood Pressure • Contributing factors • Hypertension • Too much pressure against arterial walls • Atherosclerosis • Heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries narrow, scar and harden • See Table 15-1 for blood pressure classification for healthy adults ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  12. High Blood Pressure • Tachycardias. • 100 or more beats per minute. • Compromises the ability of the heart to pump effectively. • Ventricles can not completely fill. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  13. Low Blood Pressure • Bradychardia • 60 or less beats per minute • Poor circulation of the blood • Lack of 02 throughout to body and brain ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  14. Cholesterol • LDL’s and HDL’s or good versus bad • Clogs the arteries • Increased risk of CVD • Recommended blood cholesterol levels see Table 15-2 • LDL’s - less than 120 mg/dl • HDL’s - greater than 60 mg/dl • Total cholesterol should be below 200 mg/dl • Levels over 240 mg/dl indicates high risk of CVD • Triglycerides – less than 150 mg/dl • Benefits of controlling cholesterol ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  15. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  16. Physical Inactivity • Exercise reduces risk by: • Controlling Blood pressure • Lowering LDL’s • Increasing HDL’s • Maintaining weight • Helps prevent or control Diabetes ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  17. Obesity • More than 30% above recommended weight. • BMI equal to or greater than 30 • Increase strain on the heart. • Strongly associated with • Hypertension • High cholesterol • Insulin resistance • Diabetes physical inactivity • Increasing age • Endothelial cell dysfunction • Coronary arteries constrict instead of dilating • Inflammatory markers ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  18. Diabetes • Doubles the risk of CVD for men. • Triples the risk of CVD for women. • Loss of 5-10 years off your life • Higher risk • Hypertension • Obesity • Unhealthy blood lipid levels • Elevated blood glucose and insulin can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries • More vulnerable to atherosclerosis ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  19. Contributing Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • High Triglyceride Levels • Psychological and Social factors • Chronic hostility and anger • Suppressing psychological distress • Depression • Anxiety • Social isolation • Low socioeconomic status ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  20. Major Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed • Heredity - CVD has genetic component; high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity • Age - Over the age of 65 • Sex - Men have higher risk earlier in life • Ethnicity - African Americans have higher risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater risk of HBP and Angina; Asians Lower rates of CVD ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  21. Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied • Inflammation and C-reactive protein • Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome • Homocysteine • Infectious agents • Lipoprotein(a) • LDL Particle size. • Fibrinogen • Blood Viscosity and Iron • Uric Acid • Time of day and time of year ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  22. Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty deposits. Starts during childhood fat. • Heart Attack - Coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction. Vessels in the heart become blocked. • Angina – narrowed by disease, but under stress heart can not receive enough oxygen. • Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death – Electrical conduction system is disrupted ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  23. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  24. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  25. Helping a Heart Attack Victim • Most die within 2 hours from initial symptoms • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • Refer to Box “What to Do in Case of a Heart Attack, Cardiac Arrest, or Stroke”. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  26. Detecting and Treating Heart Disease • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) • Echocardiograph – sound waves • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Angiogram • Balloon Angioplasty • Coronary Bypass Surgery ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  27. Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • Ischemic stroke – blockage in blood vessels • Thrombotic stroke clot forms in a cerebral artery; hypertension • Embolic Stroke - wandering blood clot • Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel ruptures in the brain • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Intracerebral hemorrhage • Aneurysm ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  28. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  29. The Effects of a Stroke • 700,000 Americans per year • One-third die within a year • Those who survive have some lasting disability. • Paralysis • Walking disability • Speech impairment • Memory loss • Changes in behavior ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  30. Detecting and Treating Stroke • Prompt recognition of symptoms • Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg or one side of the body • Loss of Speech or difficulty speaking • Dimming or loss of vision in one eye • Unexplained dizziness in relation to other symptoms • Refer to “Signs of a Stroke” ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  31. Detecting and Treating Stroke • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) • Temporary stroke like symptoms. • Computed tomography (CT) • MRI • Ultrasound • Drugs • Carotid endarterectomy surgery – plaque is removed from the artery • Rehabilitation • Physical therapy • Speech and Language therapy • Occupational therapy ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  32. Peripheral Arterial Disease • PAD – atherosclerosis in the leg (or arm) arteries, which can limit or block the blood flow. • Patient’s typically also have coronary artery disease. • 10 million people in the U.S. have PAD • Risk factors • Smoking • Diabetes • Hypertension • High cholesterol ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  33. Congested Heart Failure • Number of conditions • Pulmonary edema - Fluid accumulates in the lungs. • Heart can not maintain regular pumping rate; fluid backs up. • Controlled by: • Reducing cardiac load • Eliminating excess fluid • Restriction of salt • Drug therapy ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  34. Other Forms of Heart Disease • Congenital heart disease • Malformation of the heart or major blood vessel • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) • Most common cause of sudden death in athletes • Rheumatic Heart Disease • Streptococcal infections causes damage to the heart muscle and valves. • Strep throat needs to be treated, primary cause if not treated. • Heart Valve Disorders • Mitral valve prolapse ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  35. Protecting Yourself Against CVD • Eat heart-healthy • Decreased Fat and Cholesterol • Total Fats less than 30% of total calories • Low Saturated Fats • Increased Dietary Fiber • Decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake • Moderation of Alcohol ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  36. Other Dietary Factors • Omega-3 fatty acids • Plant stanols and sterols • Folic acid • Vitamins B-6 and B-12 • Calcium • Soy protein • Healthy carbohydrates • DASH • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  37. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  38. Protecting Yourself • Moderate physical activity • Avoid Tobacco • Know and manage your blood pressure (monitored once every two years) • Know and manage your Cholesterol levels • Effective means of controlling stress and anger ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

  39. Cardiovascular Health Chapter 15

More Related