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American Presidents and the Shift to Aggressive Foreign Policy

Explore how American presidents, starting with Theodore Roosevelt, adopted a more aggressive foreign policy in the early 20th century. This led to direct involvement in Latin American affairs, increased military presence, and the construction of the Panama Canal.

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American Presidents and the Shift to Aggressive Foreign Policy

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  1. World War I Edited and revamped by Mr. Kelly

  2. American presidents became more aggressive when dealing with foreign policy at the start of the 20th century. President Theodore Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, establishing the U.S. as a “police power” in Latin America. This direct involvement in Latin American affairs was made possible by the increase in American military presence throughout the western hemisphere. In keeping with Roosevelt’s motto, to “speak softly, but carry a big stick,” the U.S. increased the size of their navy and began to intervene in Latin American conflicts. Through this more aggressive foreign policy, the U.S. was able to attain the land necessary to construct the Panama Canal, a huge economic gain for commercial trading as well as military presence.

  3. U.S. Becomes a World Power • U.S. foreign policy becomes more rigorous & aggressive during the early 1900s • “Progressive Diplomacy”—commercial expansion backed by military presence • Theodore Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson’s Administrations

  4. “Gentlemen’s Agreement” Japan not to issue passports to Japanese looking to emigrate to the U.S. in exchange for Roosevelt’s efforts to stop anti-Japanese discrimination

  5. Taft: Dollar Diplomacy • “Dollar Diplomacy”—replace militarism with business investments • U.S. investment in Central America grows rapidly • China “closes” the door • Neutralization scheme over RRs—Japan & Russia kick out U.S.

  6. Looking Back in History • In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796.

  7. American Neutrality • What is Washington warning future Americans of in this passage? • What does Washington say about defensive alliances? • According to Washington, when is it okay to be part of a defensive alliance? • In our history, when have there been “extraordinary emergencies” that required us to join an alliance?

  8. M.A.I.NCausesofWWI • Militarism: aggressive build up of armed forces to intimidate other countries • Alliances: agreements between European Nations to support each other in case of war • Imperialism: European nations were in a race to build their empire-USA too! • Nationalism: Intense pride in ones country leads to tensions with other countries

  9. The Sides of WWI • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austro-Hungary & Italy • Triple Entente (the Allies): Great Britain, France & Russia

  10. STARTofWWIInEurope • June 1914: Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand • Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip • Black Hand (Siberian Nationalist Group) • European nations form alliances • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria • Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain

  11. Domino Effect • Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. • Germany pledged their support for Austria –Hungary • Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

  12. American Neutrality • Examine Wilson’s Declaration of Neutrality • Find significant quotes that reflect the main point of his speech • In what ways does Wilson’s Declaration of Neutrality reflect Washington’s initial Proclamation of Neutrality? Find textual evidence.

  13. Wilson’s Stance on WWI The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name....We must be impartial in thought as well as in action. President Wilson, 1914

  14. Economic Pressures • Economic ties to the Allies • U.S. ceases trade with Germany • Economic boom due to wartime production

  15. US Declares War • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German U-boats attack US supply ships heading to Britain • Sinking of Lusitania: Germans sink British passenger ship with American onboard • Zimmerman Telegram:Germans send message to Mexico to become an ally of Germany

  16. Stalemate • Outdated military tactics and new technology quickly turn the war into a stalemate • Trenches were dug in France to protect soldiers and solidify gains. The area between the Central Powers and Allied Powers was known as no mans land.

  17. Preparedness & Peace 1. German unrestricted submarine warfare • Sinking of the Lusitania 2. Wilson’s “preparedness campaign” • National Defense Act (June 1916) 3. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 • “He kept us out of war!”

  18. The Zimmerman Note • What is Germany promising? • What historical event is being referenced? • Why can we consider this a cause of U.S. entrance to WWI?

  19. U.S. Enters WWI • Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare • Zimmerman Note • Congress declares war, April 2, 1917

  20. US Declares War • Armed neutrality, it now appears, is impracticable. Because submarines are in effect outlaws when used as the German submarines have been used against merchant shipping…We shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts,--for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free • Why does Wilson believe that the US can no longer follow the policy of Neutrality? • What is the US fighting for? • Who does Wilson have to ask to declare war?

  21. American Mobilization • Selling the War • Committee of Public Information • Fading Opposition to the War • Role of women • “You’re in the Army Now” • Selective Service Act (the “draft”) • Racism in the Military • Americans in Battle

  22. What role did public opinion play in WWI?

  23. Organizing the Economy • War Industries Board • War increases industrial production • Women replace men at work • Women Suffrage Movement Splits

  24. Women Picket the President

  25. Woodrow Wilson • The Fourteen Points SpeechThe Fourteen Points speech was made to a joint session of the US Congress on January 8, 1918. The Fourteen Points speech set out peace proposals under fourteen separate headings that described the essential elements for a peaceful settlement of WW1. 

  26. After The War for the US • Industrial production increased • became richest country in the world • achieved a high standard of living • citizens became materialistic • women more opportunities/recognition • rejected the Treaty/League of Nations • U.S. shifts back to a policy of Isolation

  27. Casualties • Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1 • 65,038,810 • Total troops dead from all countries in WW1 • 8,556,315 • Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 • 21,219,452 • Total missing or POWs • 7,750,945

  28. Also going on… • Labor Unions made great strides (National War Labor Board) • Prohibition fight continues (ratified Jan. 1918 to take effect Jan. 1920) • Influenza Epidemic 1918-19 • The Great Migration (over 300,000 blacks migrate north to cities between 1914 & 1920)

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