Chapter 25 America Moves to the City

1. Chapter 25America Moves to the City 1865-1900

2. Urban Frontier • 1870-1900 = U.S. population doubled • City population = tripled “Outward” & “Upward” OUTWARD: European blueprint of cities “walking cities” Now: new “electric trolley” got people out of the isolated towns UPWARD: Skyscrapers Louis Sullivan – Father of the Skyscraper Test Topic: Outward vs. Upward What made City population grow? Farmers came to the city to live the high-life Cities had city lights, indoor plumbing, telephones, and skyscrapers. There were department stores like Marshall Field's in Chicago and Macy's in New York. New York's Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883. The suspension bridge came to symbolize American ingenuity, technology, commerce, and can-do attitude. Process:________________________

3. Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie • Shows the struggles of a young woman who wants to leave boring country life for the hustle-bustle of Chicago. She finds upward mobility by sleeping with men she thinks are her ticket up the social ladder. Notably, Dreiser was a "realist" writer—Carrie's life and Chicago are written about plainly, without "sugar coating", and rather depressingly.

4. Urbanization • Rapid growth of cities • Byproduct: Urban Problems Trash piled up in the streets, drinking water was poor, sewage systems were ineffective, air quality was terrible, animal droppings were everywhere. The result was unhealthy and unclean conditions in the streets. *Tenement Housing / Dumbbell Housing Note:

5. Urban Problems(SIDE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION) • Transportation – fixed by “mass transit” systems (Subway, Trolley) • Water – chlorination filters • Sanitation – developed sewer lines and sanitation departments • Crime – police forces • Fire – fire departments

6. Great Chicago Fire (1871)

7. Tenement / Dumbbell Housing • Airshaft in the middle of the structure • No central heating in individual apartments • Key: health Note: Muckraker (DEF) Most noted Tenement Housing Muckraker JACOB RIIS Book:

9. Immigration Patterns • Before 1890 (Old Immigrants) came from WESTERN and NORTHERN Europe - Britain, Ireland, Germany (Democratic backgrounds) • After 1890 (New Immigrants) came from SOUTHERN and EASTERN Europe - Poland, Italy (little Democratic backgrounds) *MAJOR DIFFERENCE between old and new: uneducated, Catholic, generally penniless 1880 = 19% 1920 = 66% Birth of “Little Italy” / Little Poland” - Think About: loss of culture and claims of nativism / job completion

10. Ellis vs. Angel • Ellis Island Chief immigration station from 1892-1924 inspection station at New York Harbor (East Coast) • (Europeans) / 12 million European immigrants • Barn-like structure • **Northeast America – experienced the FASTEST growth due to immigration! • Angel Island Asians, primarily Chinese, • West Coast…..

13. Angel Island • Between 1910 and 1940, San Francisco • 175,000 Asian immigrants • Designed for exclusion, discriminatory laws and guidelines were enforced • Held in captivity for, at times, up to 2 years Asians would vent their frustrations through carving poetry (recovered 135 to date) on the walls that still stand for their experience

14. MELTING POT THEORY • describes America as a mixture of culture and people who blended together • Side effect = NATIVISM • Nativism - anti-immigrant feeling • Religious Views and differences– differences in religion caused “nativism” to be an issue more than anything else! • U.S OFFERS GOALS OF RESTRICTIONS!!!! (1) The first law restricting immigration to America was passed in 1882. It banned “PAUPERS” (a very poor person), criminals, and convicts. (2) “literacy tests” kept many immigrants out until 1917. (3) Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 *Ironically, the Statue of Liberty (1886) was given to America by the French in an era littered with nativist uneasiness “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to be free,…"

15. Why come to America The New Immigrants came to America for many reasons: • Population in Europe had grown very fast • European Warfare • Political and racial discrimination • Economic opportunities. Major ISSUES in America involving Immigrants • economic boom / cheap working force • Immigrants were hired as SCABS • Nativism / Fear (new immigrants came from dictators, socialist and anarchist regimes)

16. Social Gospel Movement • Spurred through “religion” to address social issues in America in the late 1800s. • JANE ADAMS Settlement Houses (HULL HOUSE = Chicago, Illinois) Settlement Houses - community centers that assisted “poor immigrants” / provided educational, cultural, and social expectancies to fit into American society. (ASSIMILATION/AMERICANIZTION) *Difference between Tenement and Settlement House???

17. Education of African Americans • After the Civil War – African American were largely uneducated Booker T. Washington VS. W.E.B. Dubois Booker T. Washington (1) Formed the Tuskegee Normal Institute in Alabama(Normal = teacher education) • Most famous student : George Washington Carver • Studied crops (2) Racism will end through A.A. proving themselves as “economic” necessities first, and racism will dissolve later (3) Famous Speech – Atlanta Compromise Speech (Sept 18, 1895) – addressed that African Americans will work for their education (African Americans and Whites work together) W.E.B. Dubois (1) Claimed Washington harnessed the African American culture in a “small box” of LABOR! (2) Created the NIAGARA MOVEMENT • Focus on “liberal arts and studies” • Racism will end through the education of the mind and not physical strength (3) Help found the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 (4) Talented Tenth - claimed only a 10th of the A.A. culture would rise above the discrimination and educated themselves (basically “make it”)- Dubois used this as a “motivational tool” Which leader would most African American connect with and why?

18. Upper Education after the Civil War - Women gained more colleges, often in the Midwest, like Vassar. - Predominately African American colleges emerged like Howard University in Washington D.C. and Atlanta University. • ONE MAJOR law helped the growth of colleges: Morrill Act (1862)- They provided money to states for "land-grant colleges." A focus was on agricultural research at the universities. - “farmer college”

19. The Press Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) mastered “sensational reporting”, called yellow journalism after his comic "The Yellow Kid." William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) was also a yellow journalism editor and put together a newspaper empire made of a chain of newspapers. Yellow Journalism ends up being an indirect cause of the Spanish-American War in 1898 “You furnish the pictures, and I will furnish the war” - William Randolph Hearst Associated Press (AP) helps balance “juicy” stories of yellow journalism

20. Prohibition and Social Awareness The movement to prohibit alcohol gained steam as well as corner bars were everywhere in the city. The argument, mostly by women, was that alcohol and the bars kept the men drunk, took the family's wages, and increased violence at home. Temperance: the desire to rid society of the “consumption of alcohol” Prohibition: the abolition of distribution and manufacturing of alcohol Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Led by Carrie A. Nation (Bar-wrecking Crusade)Walked into bars with a Bible in one hand and a hatchet in the other “Good Morning, destroyer of Men’s souls”

21. Temperance and Prohibition Gains • 18th Amendment (1919): *Prohibition Amendment: banned alcohol in America • Result: short lived Speakeasies Organized Crime Bootlegging 21st Amendment (1933): Repealed the 18th Amendment for tax purposes