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This chapter explores the rise of urban America from 1865 to 1900, focusing on the economic and social opportunities, challenges faced by different classes of people, immigration, political machines, prohibition, women's liberation, and education reforms.
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Chapter 25America Moves to the City1865 - 1900 www.loc.gov/exhibits
The Rise of Urban America • 1900 80 million people • 40% of Americans living in the cities • Skyscraper and elevators • Economic and social opportunities • Entertainment and electricity • New opportunities for women Carson Pirie Scott department store on State Street in Chicago, designed by Louis Sullivan, 1899–1904
Opportunities for Women • Social Work, secretaries, store clerks… • Working women were poor, young and unmarried • Worked in sweatshops • Domestic servants considered the bottom class • Usually foreign born or black
Class Distinction • New class of super wealthy – 1% owned 51% of wealth • Wealthy • Middle class - Salesmen to lawyers • Working class – 88% of the families own 14 % of wealth www.housemouse.net/print/dalehopkins4sm.jpg
“New Immigration” • 1880 – 1920 • Came from Southern and Eastern Europe • Most arrive through Ellis island • Lived and worked in large seaboard cities • Established schools, newspapers, parishes www.urm.edu/~jbartlet/nr260/human/settlement.html
“New Immigrants” • America seen as the land of opportunity • Job opportunities • Religious persecution – Jews in Russia • Difficulties assimilating since they lived in slum • 20% went back to Europe www.geocities.com/cliffshack/oichrono.html
Chinese Immigrants • Not considered part of the new immigrants • Came to work in the gold fields and build the railroads • Arrive through Angel Island • 1873 Panic – call for restriction on Chinese immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 - 1943 www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Political Machines • Bosses often traded jobs and services for votes • Provided jobs, food, shelter • They offered valued services in an era when neither government (legal) nor business lent assistance www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Political Machines • Tammany Hall in NYC most infamous political machine • William Marcy Tweed • Pocketed as much as $200 million in kickbacks 1869-71
Thomas Nast • Political Cartoonist who worked for Harper's Weekly Magazine • During the 1870s Nast achieved national fame • Exposed the corruption of Tweed and Tammany Hall in New York City
Thomas Nast • Tweed, “I don’t care what the papers write about me- my constituents can’t read; but they see pictures!” • Tweed offered Nast $500,000 to go to Europe to “study art”
Boss Tweed • Tweed busted for 120 counts of fraud and extortion in 1871 • Sentenced to 12 years, escaped after 2, fled to Spain • Caught by Spanish officials who recognized him from Nast’s cartoons
Florence Kelley Settlement Houses Jane Addams Settlement House www.boisestate.edu/…/history/extras/kelly.html Alice Gannett www.associationhouse.org/2150kids.jpg www.wrhs.org/library/template.asp?id=514
“Nativism” • Antiforeignism • Angry at immigrant willingness to work for "starvation" wages • Concerned at foreign doctrines e.g. socialism, communism & anarchism • American Protective Association (APA) formed in 1887 www.digitalscrapbookplace.com
Prohibition of Alcohol • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) organized in 1874 • Led by Francis Willard • Put enormous pressure on states to abolish alcohol www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Prohibition of Alcohol • Carrie A. Nation used her hatchet to smash saloon bottles and bars • described herself as "a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what he doesn't like," • Between 1900 and 1910 she was arrested some 30 times
Women’s fight for liberation and suffrage • Woman growing more independent in the urban environment • National American Women’s Suffrage Association (formed in 1890) www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Leading Suffragettes Susan B. Anthony • argued that women were different and, in some cases, better than men • Granting women the right to vote, would help purify political corruption in the United States
Leading Suffragettes Elizabeth Cady Stanton • argued that marriage, as it existed, was set up to gratify men and to disempower women.
Leading Suffragettes Lucy Stone • The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) • It allowed men to join and rallied behind the Fifteenth Amendment as a step in the right direction toward greater civil rights for women.
Leading Suffragettes Lucretia Mott • active in the abolitionist movement • establish the American Equal Rights Association • remain active in the woman's rights movement into her seventies
3 Part Strategy for Suffrage 1.convince state legislatures to grant women suffrage 2. Court cases to test the 14th Amendment • Women were citizens 3. Constitutional amendment • the 19th Amendment was passed in 1919 – provided suffrage to women
Education • Public education continued to gain strength • Tax-supported elementary schools adopted on a nationwide basis before Civil War www.empirewire.com/images/galley.jpg
Higher education • By 1900, 25% of college graduates were women. • Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to states for support of education. • "Land-grant colleges" mostly became state universities www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Leave it to the “Press” www.harpweek.com/09cartoon
Changing Literature Henry George “Progress and Poverty www.henrygeorge.org Walt Whitman www.ebookmail.com www.faculty.vassar.edu www.upload.wikimedia.org
“Real” Art www.cheekwood.org www.swarthmore.edu
