Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

1. Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysData dissemination and further analysis workshop Literacy and Education MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop

2. Indicators and definitions 7.1: Literacy among young women Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are able to read a short simple statement about everyday life (WB7=3) or who attended secondary or higher 7.2: School readiness Percentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year 7.3: Net intake rate in primary education Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1

3. Indicators and definitions 7.4 Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school.

4. Indicators and definitions 7.5 Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) The adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher (higher levels are included to take early starters into account).

5. Indicators and definitions 7.6 Children reaching last grade of primary Percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary. 7.7 Primary completion rate Ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year. 7.8 Transition rate to secondary school Percentage of children attending the last grade of primary school during the previous school year who are in the first grade of secondary school during the current school year

6. Indicators and definitions 7.9 & 7.10 Gender Parity Index The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary). Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data: • Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary) • Out-of-School Rate for Primary School Age Children (100-NAR (adj)) • Lower Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) • Upper Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) • Cumulative Primary Dropout Rate • Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22) • Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)

8. Things to remember Age Adjustments: The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began. If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started. If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.

9. Literacy among women 15-24 years of age is used as a proxy for adult literacy • It measures the ability to read a few sentences • Its interpretation should be done cautiously • Presents a gender component

10. Country example

11. The numerator includes children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year. • The denominator is the number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.

12. The denominator is the number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year. • The numerator includes those children in the denominator that are attending primary school: Grade=1 or 2. Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters. • Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).

13. This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school. Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters. All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year) are included in the denominator. Rates presented in this table are "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.

15. Bangladesh MICS 2009

16. This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED MICS standard questionnaires are designed to establish mother's/caretaker's education for children up to age 17 at the time of interview (see Household Listing, Household Questionnaire). The category "Cannot be determined" is included for children who were age 18 and higher at the beginning of school year. This will be necessary if the secondary school ages in the country encompass age 18 and higher

17. Methodological issues • Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment • In reality we should aim to measure attendance • Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation • Results refer to net attendance instead of gross • Gross attendance in primary/secondary education includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages • Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100% • Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children attending primary or higher/secondary or higher

18. Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is the percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary. This table assumes that primary school comprises 6 grades. In countries where primary school has more or fewer grades, columns of the table should be customized accordingly.

19. Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2 • the number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year is divided by: • the number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school

20. Children reaching last grade of primary school

21. Careful customization of country specific grades

22. Methodological issues • Reaching Last Grade is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation • Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts • It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach grade 5 and it is based on children that are participating in school • It is used as a proxy for literacy among children

23. The transition rate to secondary education is the percentage of children who were in the last grade of primary school during the previous school year and who are attending the first grade of secondary school in the current (or most recent) school year The primary completion rate is the ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year. It can be greater than 100!

24. The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary). The primary and secondary adjusted net attendance ratios are presented in more detail in tables ED.4 and ED.5.

25. Expected patterns • Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families • Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time • Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school • At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school • At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers • Different levels of schools attendance between child labourers and children who are not engaged in child labour

26. Things to look for in the tables Disparities in educational participation by: • Gender, • Geographical regions, • Wealth, • Language, • Religion, • Mother’s education, • Child labour status.

27. Things to look for in the tables • To better describe school participation we propose: • Look at primary and secondary together • Use the following 3 simple indicators: • Primary net attendance ratio • Secondary net attendance ratio • Percentage of secondary school age children that are attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI) in a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated

28. Some ideas for further analyses • Interconnected disparities • Education Participation Projection • Average Annual Rate of Increase • Other non-standard MICS indicators

29. THANK YOU!