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The Industrial Revolution

Explore the factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, the impact of inventions and the rise of cities and factories, and the global implications of industrialization. Discover the social and economic changes that shaped the modern world.

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution

  2. Before 1750 • Life was primarily rural • Short life expectancy • Men 31 years • Women 33 years • Feast and famine • Availability of food depended on success of crops every year • Limited trade (because of transportation)

  3. Agricultural Revolution • Agricultural Revolution made the Industrial Revolution possible • Agricultural Revolution: • Drastically improved farming • Made it possible for fewer people to produce food for many more people

  4. Agricultural Revolution • Made possible by: • Enclosures: Large farms with better seeding and harvesting methods • Crop Rotation: Changing crops every year to improve the land • Livestock Breeding Improvements: Only breeding best animals

  5. And all of that = POPULATION GROWTH!

  6. Beginnings of Industrial Revolution • Began in England mid 1700’s • Why Europe? • Why England?

  7. Goldilocks Conditions & Geographic Luck!

  8. EUROPE • Small and highly competitive states • Need for revenue • Freedom to innovate • Cross-cultural exchanges

  9. ENGLAND • England had all the factors of production: • Land • Natural resources & transportation • Labor • Displaced farmers, growing population • Capital • Wealth – money to invest in industry

  10. Land • Natural resources such as iron ore • Water power and coal to fuel machines • Rivers/Canals for transportation

  11. Coal Mining in Britain

  12. Labor • The Agricultural Revolution had increased England’s population • Greater food supply = population increase • Enclosure movement = people in cities

  13. Capital • Money to invest in labor, machines and raw materials. • Entrepreneurs – brought together labor, capital and raw materials – took risks

  14. Partner Quiz! • Partner 1 has Partner 2 cover their notes and asks them Question 1. Then, Partner 2 has Partner 1 cover their notes and asks them Question 2 • What 3 factors made the Agricultural Rev possible? • What 3 factors of production did England have that made it the birthplace of IR?

  15. Inventions • New inventions drive Industrial Revolution • Textile Industry • Flying shuttle and spinning jenny • Steam Engine • Made more efficient by James Watt • Why important? • Power for industry • Power for trains and boats

  16. Impact of Railroad System 4 major impacts • Spurred growth of industry • Created jobs • Boosted farming/fishing industries • New way for people to get around

  17. Exit Slip Questions • How did rising population help the Industrial Revolution? • What effect did entrepreneurs have on the Industrial Revolution? • Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the steam engine was the greatest invention of the Industrial Revolution? Why? • How did the railroad change Britain?

  18. Social impact of industrial revolution

  19. Rise of cities • Industrial Revolution gave rise to urbanization • Rapid growth of cities • Number of European cities with populations 100,000+ more than doubled between 1800-1850

  20. Factories and growth of cities • Most factories were built close to energy sources • Water • Coal • Industrial centers emerge

  21. Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

  22. Textile Factory Workers in England

  23. Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

  24. Life in the big city • Overcrowded • Lack of sanitation • Lack of education • Lower life expectancy in the slums

  25. Working conditions • 14 hours/day • 6 days a week • Dangerous working conditions • No laws to protect workers

  26. Spread of Industrial Revolution The Napoleonic Wars hampered development of industry in Europe during the early 1800’s Eventually, the Industrial Revolution does reach continental Europe

  27. Spreading the wealth England was very protective of industry patents Eventually designs are smuggled out or copied and find their way to other European countries

  28. Who’s on board Germany, Italy, France, Belgium are among European nations that industrialize Other countries such as Spain, Austria-Hungary and others did not Geography - mountain ranges Lack of natural resources Transportation issues

  29. An uneven playing field European (and American) industrialization leads to Global Inequality What does it mean? Industrialized countries rich; others poor People - Rich get richer; poor stay poor

  30. Imperialism Industrialized countries needed raw materials They also needed markets for manufactured goods Stronger, industrialized countries extend their rule over poorer nations Rich get richer

  31. Reforming the Industrial World Industrial Revolution had created a huge gap between rich and poor in Europe

  32. This leads to… • Capitalism • Socialism • Communism • And other effects…

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