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URBAN (CITY) GROWTH

URBAN (CITY) GROWTH. Coming to America. First thing Immigrants saw coming from the east was the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island.

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URBAN (CITY) GROWTH

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  1. URBAN (CITY)GROWTH

  2. Coming to America First thing Immigrants saw coming from the east was the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island

  3. * “Education was free. That subject my father had written repeatedly , as compromising his chief hope for us children, the essence of American opportunity, the treasure that no thief could touch, not even misfortune or poverty. It was the one thing that he was able to promise us when he sent for us; surer, safer than bread or shelter.” M Antin, a Russian Immigrant • What type of emotions did this person personify? • Do you believe he was excited to be here? Explain using parts of the text.

  4. Ellis Island • East Coast Immigration Depot • Depot included: • Quarantine areas • Customs • Registration

  5. *New Communities • *Immigrants settled in Northeastern cities. • Populations swelled in: NYC, Chicago, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, & Boston. • *Most immigrants lived in slums, ghettos, with • similar ethic neighbors. • (same language, etc) • Lived in crowded dumbbell tenements • *Came to the US for: • * increased job opportunities • *the opportunity for social mobility • *to escape from the violence occurring in Europe

  6. *Urban Problems* Growing cities couldn’t keep up with the needs of a growing immigrant population: • Housing shortages • Filth and disease (lack of sanitation) • Fire • Poor transportation • Organized Crime

  7. *European Immigrants* • “Old Immigrants”- from North and Western Europe • “New Immigrants”- from South and Eastern Europe Old Immigrants New Immigrants 1910 1865 1890

  8. “Old Immigrants”-1865-1890 Northern & Western Europe: • Britain • Ireland • Germany • Holland • France • Scandinavian countries

  9. *“New Immigrants”-after 1890 Southern and Eastern Europe: • Italy • Greece • Austria- Hungary • Serbia • Romania • Russia • Poland

  10. *Nativism in America • *Nativism-favoring native born Americans over immigrants. • Americans very hostile toward immigrants because they didn’t ‘fit in’. • *Immigrants considered “expendable” during industrialization

  11. Response to Immigrants • U.S. citizens and politicians wanted to limit immigration • Believed immigrants: • Kept wages down • Took jobs from US citizens • Disrespected the U.S. by continuing to speak only their native language 1. Do we still have some of these responses today? Explain

  12. *Effects of Immigrants* • city population • Blending of cultures & customs • New religions • Diverse population • New languages & food • Unskilled workers replaced skilled craftsmen

  13. What attitude do these men have toward the new immigrant? Why do they have shadows? What else do you notice?

  14. *Chinese Immigrants • Chinese = miners or RR workers; treated worse than European immigrants. • *Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – took away Chinese citizenship & excluded ALL Chinese immigration till 1943. • *Proposed by California governor & supported by labor unionsto satisfy nativist prejudice in CA

  15. *The Chinese Question. by Thomas Nast What point do you think Nast was trying to make here?

  16. 1. Where did the majority of immigrants settle? 2. Name 3 problems growing cities face? 3. How did the Americans treat the immigrants? 4. Nativist prejudice in California led to the passage of? 5. What type of workers replaced skilled artisans in factories? 6. New Immigrants immigrated to the US from ___ - ____. 7. List 3 reasons why many people wanted to limit immigration.

  17. Labor During the Gilded Age

  18. *The Changing Work Force • Before Gilded Age, people were skilled craftsmen or laborers. • *Machines & unskilled immigrants working on assembly lines replaced skilled craftsmen. • *Immigrants, women, & children paid less than men

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  30. 1. Discuss the working conditions you saw in the clips. 2. Where did the majority of immigrants settle? 3. Do you believe child labor is a legitimate work force? Explain 4. Which was not a problem cities had to deal with as a result of rapid urbanization? a. Shortage of jobs b. Filth and disease c. Housing shortages

  31. *Hazardous working conditions • Factories poorly lit & lacked ventilation • No protective clothing • Machines would amputate limbs • Children used to repair hard to reach places in machines • Extremely loud factories • *Owners greed (profit) more important than any workers

  32. *Political Cartoon Analysis Based on this political cartoon what was the attitude of factories towards child labor?

  33. Long Working Hours • 10-14 hours per day, six days a week, and half days on Sundays • 12 x 6= 72 +6 78 hrs a week!!! How many hours do you work?????????

  34. Worker Pay Average worker income • Men – $3 to $5 per week • Women - $2 to $3 per week • Children - $.5 to $1.5 per week Average household income - $380 peryear

  35. *Skilled, or Craft workers – workers with a specific area of expertise *More secure in jobs requiring skills Ex: blacksmiths, carpenters, iron workers, masons Unskilled workers – workers with no advanced training Ex: factory workers, assembly line workers *Workers of the Gilded Age

  36. *Worker Discontent = UNIONS* UNION = individuals who unite for a common purpose. Organized themselves into unions to improve their situation Goals: 1. shorter working days 2. end to child labor 3. increased worker safety 4. higher wages 5. better worker contracts *most factory workers quickly joined the Unions

  37. *Labor Unions Tactics 1. *Strike-to stop working & walk the picket line with signs. Most powerful tool because it cut into owners profits. 2. Sit-down Strikes-sit down on the job & refuse to work. 3. Arbitration-talks between owners & labor union representatives 4. Marches 5. Violence

  38. *KNIGHTS OF LABOR, UNION • 1869-1886 • *Membership: Skilled & Unskilled males • Organized major strikes • Broke up due to conflict between Skilled & Unskilled workers & violence

  39. *American Federation of Labor-Union • 1886-1955 • *Membership: Skilled labor • More powerful because of organization and skilled level of workers • Formed because skilled labor unhappy with Knights of Labor & unskilled workers.

  40. Significant Strikes of the Gilded Age

  41. Major National Strikes: 1. Molly Maguire’s (1870’s) • Coal miners went on strike & bombed factory • Pinkertons and military ended strike 2. Great Railroad Strike (1877) • RR workers protested wage cuts by going on strike and rioting • Military ended strike

  42. 3. Haymarket Strike,1886 • Factory workers in Chicago went on strike • After a union meeting, a bomb explodes, killing a police sergeant • Government calls in the Military who arrests strikers • Questionable trial,7 men sentenced to death • Media portrays Unions as violent anarchists

  43. *Homestead Strike, 1892* • U.S. Steel’s Homestead Plant workers went on strike to keep wages from decreasing • Strike turned violent • Government called in the Military & Pinkerton detectives who crushed the strike • *Unsuccessful because government supported the business owners Headline from 1892 newspaper

  44. *Pullman Strike, 1894* • RR workers protesting living & working conditions strike • Strike became violent • Government sends in U.S. Marshals arrest strikers, crushing it • *Unsuccessful because government supported the business owners U.S. Marshals after Pullman Strike

  45. *Employers Attempt to Crush Strikes* 1. Hire strikebreakers 2. Hired women or children 3. Called in Military or Police 4. Media publicity said Unions were Un-American, Communist & believed in violence.

  46. *Success of Labor Unions* • Gave workers a powerful voice to change their industry • However, during most strikes, the government sided with the employers!

  47. National Politics and Economy in the Gilded Age

  48. *Government Corruption • Political Climate: North-prospering from industry South-still struggling from effects of war & reconstruction • Government officials influenced by the almighty dollar. Take $ to award government contracts and pass legislation to help big business. • **Spoils System-Elected officials appoint their friends and supporters to lucrative positions of power and income.

  49. What do you see in the picture? • Who is controlling who?

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