YANG Hongsheng INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY ， CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES October 20 , 201 2

1. New-style Artificial Reefs and Facilities for the Culture and Stock Enhancement of Apostichopusjaponicus YANG Hongsheng INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY， CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES October20, 2012

2. Contents Introduction Integrated utilization New artificial reefs & facilities Look into the future 4 3 1 3 3 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

3. Basic information of A. japonicus Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)isa typical temperate speciesfeedingon detritus and other organic matter.Theadultslive on muddy and sandy bottoms at shallower depths, especiallyarea with seaweedor sea grass.

4. Along the northwest coast of Pacific ocean, from 35ºN to 44ºN, including Russia Far East , Japan, Korean peninsula and Northern Yellow Sea in China. Distribution of A. japonicus Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

5. Status of A. japonicus aquaculturein China Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Biggest production value among all the mariculture species. • Aquaculture production(130.3 thousand tons.) accounts for 0.88% of all maritulture production in 2010. • Prodution value ( 26 billion Yuan) accounts for 15.79% of all mariculturein 2010. Production of A. japonicus seedlings in China ( 0.1 billion ） Production of A. japonicus in China ( ton） The Annals of Fishery in China （2006-2011）

6. A.japonicus aquaculture in seawater pondand renewed shrimp pondor ranching in shallow. Seabed improvement is needed for building a suitable aquaculture environment Facilities: rocks, tiles, bricks, pots, elongated net cages Traditional ways of aquaculture: pondand shallow sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Pond aquaculture Cofferdam aquaculture

7. Contents Introduction Integrated utilization New artificial reefs & facilities Look into the future 4 3 1 3 3 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

8. New artificial reefs & facilitiesforsea cucumber cultured in non suitable regions Innovation Points G１ Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • New artificial reefs & facilitiesforincreasing aquaculture production G２ • New artificial reefs & facilities for realizing the ecological diversity of mariculture system G３

9. Technique Principle and characteristics： • Oyster shells are abundant and cost effective • Oyster shells are excellent substrate for microalgae • Can be assembled and deployed easily, and be used to form efficient upwelling • Mass deployment can form seaweed beds and can provide habitat for fishes. 1. Oyster shell reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

10. Oyster shell reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Desity of sea cucumber: 17.8 ind/ｍ2 • Distance from the reefs:＜ 80 cm

11. In none suitable region in Jiaozhou Bay,the density of A.japonicus is as high as 17.8 ind/sqm in oyster shell reefs with11 individuals per reef. The efficiencyof oyster shell reefs production is 5 times higher using a unique device than manual production,realizing thelarge-scale production and implementof oyster shell reefs. Oyster shell reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

12. 2.Equipement for making Oyster shell reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Principle and effects： • Increase the efficiency of making oyster shell reef • Integrate the supporting and sealing of mesh bag • Protect the workers from being injured

13. 3.Equipement for Deploying Oyster shell reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Principle and effects： • Increase the efficiency of deployment • 20-30 tons per boat

14. Wave-proof sinking rope culture facilities solve the macroalgae cultureproblem in high current areas. In Haizhou Bay,Gracilarialemaneiformisgained 30 times of its initial weight in 2 months, making a product of 1200kg/acre, creating a fine habitat and natural bait for A.japonicus bottom culture. 4. Wave-proof sinking rope culture facilities Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

15. Wave-proof sinking rope culture facilities Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

16. New artificial reefs & facilities for sea cucumber cultured in non suitable regions Innovation Points G１ Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • New artificial reefs & facilitiesforincreasing aquaculture production G２ • New artificial reefs & facilities for Realizing the ecological diversity of mariculture system G３

17. Artificial reef models Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Aperture Colour Dimensions： 70×35×35cm Material： PVC corrugated plate Dimensions： 60×60×60cm Material： beton Sketch map Dimensions： 70×70×35cm Material： PVC corrugated plate Dimensions： 40×40×30cm Material： PVC plate Interval Spacing Included Angle

18. Key parameters of the facility Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Distance：2cm • Bore diameter:2cm • Angle：15° • Color：Black Aggregation effect Optimal parameter

19. We developed this new type reef to perform pool and cofferdam culture of A.japonicus. The multi-layer design fully utilizes water body with a great number of bait organisms habiting on the layers which attracts A.japonicus to habit. 1. Multi-layer, plate-type reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

20. 3. Integrated three-floor artificial reef Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Integrated three-floor artificial reef can be used to build seaweed bed, raise seafood at the bottom of the marine and gathereconomic fish. • Each reef cangather5 A. japonicus and 6wild economic fish.

21. New artificial reefs & facilitiesfor sea cucumber cultured in non suitable regions Innovation Points G１ Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • New artificial reefs & facilitiesforincreasing aquaculture production G２ • New artificial reefs & facilities for Realizing the ecological diversity of mariculturesystem G３

22. 1. New system for bottom culture Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Principle and characteristics： • Increase substrata of seaweed, supply more food • easy to harvest and manage • Escape from high temperature in summer for Chlamysfarreri, increase survival rate and decrease fouling organisms survival rate： Suspended culture：54.6±12.3 % Bottom culture：86.8±3.5 % suspended bottom fouling organism

23. New system for bottom culture Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

24. New system for bottom culture Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Form a local seaweed bed • Reasonable scallop density: 300ind/unit（Shell Height: 3cm） • Sea cucumber density can reach 16 ind/m2 • Sea urchin density can reach 6 ind/m2

25. 2. Facility forco-cultureof sea cucmber and shellfish Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences • Realize the ecological breeding mode of mutual benefit for sea cucumber and shellfish. • The growth rate of A. japonicus reached 0.34% / day. • The feeding capacity of A. japonicus on shellfish biological sediment reached 159.6 kg/ha.

26. The advancement of cultural facilities Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

27. Contents Introduction Integrated utilization New artificial reefs & facilities Look into the future 4 3 1 3 3 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

28. 1. Mariculture and stock enhancement in the cofferdams Mariculture Ecology & Environment Remediation Group • Reef types：Oyster shell reef、Integrated three-floor artificial reef、 rock • Size and amount：10-40ind/500g, or 200ind/500g, 7.5 ind/m2 to 15ind/m2. • Season：Spring ang autumn, April, May, October • Water temprature: 8-12℃

29. 2. Co-culture of macroalgae-abalone-sea cucumber in bays Mariculture Ecology & Environment Remediation Group • Constructed habitat: Structure the artificial reef and protect the seaweed bed • Species : macroalgae, abalone, A.japonicus, and fish • Result: primary producer(phytoplankton, macroalgae), primary consumer(abalone), sedimentary trophic consumers(A.japonicus), and swimming fish(Sebastes schlegeli and Lateolabrax japonicus).

30. 3. Co-culture of sea grass-shellfish-sea cucumber in the lagoon Mariculture Ecology & Environment Remediation Group • Constructed habitat: The seaweed bed • Species: Zostera marina, shellfish, A.japonicus, and fish • Result: primary producer(phytoplankton, seaweed, algae), primary consumer(Ruditapes philippinarum), sedimentary trophic consumers(A.japonicus), and swimming fish(Sebastes schlegeli and Lateolabrax japonicus).

31. Fish feeding and nursing ground The reserve for commercial fishes 4. Polyculturemode at island areas Mariculture Ecology & Environment Remediation Group • Near island: • seaweed cultivation to elevate primary production; • A. Japonicusculture; juvenile wild fish recruitment • Off island: • Deploy artificial reefs (ships, concrete); adult wild fish recruitment The breeding ground for A. japonicus The reserve for commercial fishes The 12m isobath Island

32. Contents Introduction Integrated utilization New artificial reefs & facilities Look into the future 4 3 1 3 3 2

33. Develop effective mariculture & stock enhancement facilities and techniques for sea cucumber. Monitor and evaluate the bioremediation ability of key species in coastal area and the bioremediation effect of specific mode or facility. Research habitat and resource restoration and the effect evaluation technology of bay or shallow sea. Look into the future Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

34. China-US Living Marine Resources Cooperation Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

35. Thanks！