European Exploration & Expansion

1. European Exploration & Expansion 1450-1650

2. People Identifications: Identify the key contribution(s) and country for whom each worked. • Prince Henry “the Navigator” (destiny & Oreen, melody) • Bartholomew Diaz (janice) • Vasco da Gama (Sonja & Geena ) • Pedro Alvares Cabral (henri & Amanda) • Christopher Columbus (Eden and Kadance) • Amerigo Vespucci ( Sarah & Carissa) • Ferdinand Magellan (Rory & Josh) • John Cabot (Danielle, Angel & Corinne) • Jacques Cartier (Brice) • Hernando Cortés (James, Zack & Liza) • Francisco Pizarro ( Herson & Ivan)

3. Explorer Project (Due Monday) • You are advertising your accomplishments • Your making a poster of yourself and your accomplishments • Needs to be on poster board 22x28 • Things Needed on your board • Biography (1st person)- who you are, where you are from, who you represent, how did you get money to explore • Where you explored- Details of your expedition (how long did it take, who did you take, what route did you take) • What were the results of your exploration- (how was Europe (your country) impacted from your explorations, how was the population you encountered impacted? • Pictures: • Map of the area you explored • Flag of the country you represent • Picture of yourself (Explorer not you) • Picture or drawing of some things that you impacted (trade of a product. . .etc)

4. Document Based Question (ESSAY) • In the Mid-1400’s, Europeans were cut off from direct access to Asian trade via the eastern Mediterranean sea. Europeans turned south and west in search of new trade routes. Through trade, travel, and missionary work, Europeans increasingly came into contact with peoples and places of whom they had previously had little or no knowledge of. • From the documents you are to answer the following question • Were the European explorers’ first impressions of the new land and people negative or positive? • Needs introduction and conclusion paragraph • Needs to have references to all of the documents (5 document references) • 2 Articles on slave trade can be a combined reference.

5. World Contacts Before Columbus What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?

6. Indian Ocean Trading World The center of pre-Columbian world trade.

7. Indian Ocean Trading World

8. Africa

9. Africa – Kingdom of Mali Mansa Musa (14th c.) A mosque in Timbuktu

10. Africa – Legend of Prester John Prester John enthroned on a map of East Africa, in an atlas prepared by the Portuguese for Queen Mary of England, 1558. Prester John’s kingdom in what is now Ethiopia, map issued in Antwerp, 1570s.

11. The Middle East: Ottoman & Persian Empires

13. Ottoman Expansion • 1453 – captured Constantinople = end of Byzantine empire • 1526 – defeat of Hungary • 1529 – siege on Vienna

14. Venice and Genoa • control of luxury trade with the East • support for Crusades brought land & trading privileges • Goods: • Eastern luxury goods: spices, silks, carpets • Balkan slaves • Euro. products: wool, metal, textiles

15. Europe and the World After Columbus What effect did overseas expansion have on the conquered societies, on enslaved Africans, and on world trade?

16. Spanish Settlement & Indigenous Population  • 16th c. ≈200k Spaniards settle in New World • est. cattle ranches, sugar plantations, silver mines • encomienda system = Amerindians labor for Spaniards • de facto slavery • high death rate WITH DEATHS OF AMERINDIANS, WHERE WILL THE SPANISH FIND LABORERS?

17. The Atlantic Slave Trade (height in 18th c.) 1650-1870: 10 million African slaves brought to Americas

18. Slavery • slavery in Europe predates Atlantic slave trade • slaves from Balkans, Thrace, southern Russia, central Anatolia (mostly white) WHY, THEN, DID EUROPE TURN TO AFRICA? Ottoman capture of Constantinople (1453): halted flow of white slaves

19. Sugar & Slavery •  demand for sugar in 15th c. • sugar plantations est. 1st in Atlantic islands close to Europe  African slaves brought in • later this pattern was transferred to the Caribbean

20. Columbian Exchange

21. Spain’s Golden Century (16th c.) • Major cause: New World silver • Why it ended: price revolution = inflation • Debate over reason for inflation: • Flood of silver?? • Unable to keep up with rising demand • pop.  (demand ) • new American colonies (demand ) • 1492 expulsion of Jews & Muslims (supply ) • Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

22. The Global Economy: 3 Commercial Empires • Portuguese (16th c.) • Indian Ocean sea empire • Brazil - sugar • Spanish (16th c.) • New World land empire • Philippines sea empire – silk trade • Dutch (1650-1700) • Indonesian spice trade ***1570-1630: worldwide commercial boom***

23. Portuguese Empire, at maximum extent, 16th c.

24. Spanish Empire in 1770

25. Dutch Colonies, 17th c.

26. The Age of Exploration, 1450-1650

27. God Gold Glory Motives – the 3 “G’s”

28. More Motives • government sponsorship • Renaissance curiosity • spices

29. Which motive played the most important role?

30. Technology • cannon • caravel (vs. galley) • magnetic compass • astrolabe • improved maps; portolans galley caravel

31. Portugal takes the lead! 1415 – Portugal takes Ceuta, Morocco Prince Henry “the Navigator”

32. Explorers

36. Chris Columbus: good or bad?

37. Columbian Exchange

38. Spain’s golden age (16th c.) • Major cause: gold & silver from New World • Why it ended: price revolution = inflation • Debate over reason for inflation: • Unable to keep up with rising demand • pop.  (demand ) • new American colonies (demand ) • expulsion of Jewish & Muslim farmers/businessmen (supply ) • Influx of American silver bullion • Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)

39. Mercantilism • economic system, ca. 1500-1800 or 1776 • wealth is based on nation’s supply of bullion • exports > imports • colonies exist for benefit of mother country • quinto = Spanish Crown receives 1/5 of precious metals mined in South America

40. 16th c. Spanish New World possessions divided into 4 viceroyalties, or administrative divisions Spanish colonial administration