Cloning: Types, Processes, and Ethical Considerations

1. 9.4 Cloning 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules • Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19 • Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering • Essential Question: • Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? • Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

2. Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the answers. Click and Clone Questions • What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? • How many organisms does it take to make a clone? • Which two mice will be genetically identical? • Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

3. KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed. CC= Copy Cat orCarbon Copy

4. Entire organisms can be cloned. • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries CC- The first cloned cat

5. Cloning occurs in nature: • bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) • some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) • Identical twins

6. Planaria- “Regeneration” • Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete organism. • Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts • It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under the edge of a knife."  • Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks.

7. Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer. • TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS

8. 1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female Egg cell

9. 2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the donor egg Skin cell

10. 3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the egg to begin division leading to the development of an embryo * NO SPERM in cloning

11. 4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate mother

12. 5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to gestate

13. 6. Clone will be born

14. Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18 Donor DNA for clone Donor

15. Clone Mimi the Mouse http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

16. Answer your “Click and Clone” Questions • What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? • How many organisms does it take to make a clone? • Which two mice will be genetically identical? • Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

17. Click and Clone Questions • What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? • Somatic cell and egg cell 2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone? • 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor, and surrogate mother (who carries the baby) 3. Which two mice will be genetically identical? • The somatic cell donor and the clone 4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor? • No. The behavior may be very different from the original.

18. Review

19. MEET DOLLY In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try. Dolly and her lamb Bonny Did you know? • She was derived from a mammary gland • She was named after Dolly Parton

20. Issues with Dolly • She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems • Did not live as long as typical sheep

21. Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012: • Carp (fish) • Cat • Cattle • Deer • Dog • Ferret • Frog (tadpole) • Fruit Flies • Gaur (wild cattle) • Goat • Horse • Mice • Mouflon (wild sheep) • Mule • Pig • Pyrenean ibex (type of goat) • *first extinct animal to be cloned- only lived 7 mins • Rabbit • Rat • Rhesus Monkey • Sheep • Water Buffalo • Wolf

22. Benefits • Maybe use organs from cloned mammals for transplant into humans saving millions of lives • save endangered species by increasing population #s • Concerns • low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) • clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal • decreased biodiversity because the clones would be genetically identical to other organisms in the community

23. Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed… *CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones. May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.

24. I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)

25. 9.4 Types of Cloning 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules • Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 21 • Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering • Essential Question: Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning? Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

26. Ethics Involved in Cloning Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles • What are some ethical principles that we must consider when cloning?

28. Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning • Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. • (In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the uterine environment where it can implant and develop) • Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.

29. Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning • Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way, but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female's uterus • Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell • Used to understand disease/developing new treatments • ***Embryo will be destroyed

30. Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning

31. Cloning in movies and books • The Island (2005) • People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act. • They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates • The Boys from Brazil • After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich

32. The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins) • Please answer the questions as the video plays • You will be writing an essay about EITHER • Genetically engineering humans • Pros/Cons OR • The ethics behind cloning humans • Pros/Cons

33. Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning • Benefits of cloning: • Full organisms or only genes? • Real life examples? • Possibilities for medical treatments? • PROBLEMS with cloning: • Success rate? • Health of clones? • Religious or personal beliefs? • Ethical questions? ********Be ready to share out with the class********

34. HOMEWORK: National Human Genome Research Institute Article • Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning • This information will help you prepare to write your Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be assigned on Friday

35. The Clone Age Questions (50 mins) 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? • What are a few of the concerns with cloning? • Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.

36. The Clone Age • When watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans. • Religion • Medical advances • Ethics • Health of human clones

37. The Clone Age Answers 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? • bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) • some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) • Identical twins 2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning? • low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) • clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal • decreased biodiversity

38. 9.4 Genetic Engineering 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules • Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 23 • Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering • Essential Question: • Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms. • Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms. GET OUT YOUR “EYES OF NYE” QUESTIONS

39. Divide pg. 22 in half

40. Genetic Engineering 4m • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8

41. Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.

42. The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.

43. Table Talk • What do you think genetic engineering involves? • Examples? • What sorts of things can we genetically engineer? • Plants • Animals • Bacteria

44. Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism. • Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)

45. Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think re-combination) which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism. • Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. • Plasmidsare closed loops of DNA found in bacteria Foreign DNA Recombinant DNA Plasmid from bacterial cell Original DNA Draw/label/ color code on pg. 23

46. 1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmidand foreign DNA • 2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid • 3. Plasmid put back into bacteria • 4. Bacteria will multiply • *Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!

47. Designing Genes 2m44s

48. Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits! • A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.

49. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Plants Transgenic Animals • What are they produced for? • Real life Examples of each

50. Transgenic bacteriacan be used to produce many useful chemicals • Cancer drugs • Pesticides • Insulin • *Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply • It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes