The Swinging Sixties (1960-1968)

1. The Swinging Sixties(1960-1968) Unit I-B AP U.S. History

2. Think About It • Compare and contrast the objectives of the New Deal and Great Society. • Compare and contrast the initiatives and goals of Civil Rights leaders and groups, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

3. John F. Kennedy (D) Catholic Lyndon Johnson as VP Richard Nixon (R) First nationally televised debate Election of 1960

4. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) • New Frontier • Expansion of social welfare • Clean Air Act (1963) • Peace Corps • “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” • 23rd Amendment (1961) • Electoral votes for D.C. • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Freedom Rides • Stand in the Schoolhouse Door (June 1963) • March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963) • Feminism • The Feminine Mystique (1963) • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) • Foreign Developments • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Berlin Wall • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

5. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) Flexible Response • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara • Develop conventional military strategies and policies • Nuclear weapon escalation as last phase • Alliance for Progress (1961) • Economic cooperation with Latin America • Peace Corps (1961) • American University Speech (1963) • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) • Vietnam (1963) • Military advisors for South Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem

6. Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Berlin Wall • Berlin Crisis (1961) • Berlin Wall (1961) • Checkpoint Charlie • “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (1963) Premier Nikita Khrushchev and JFK (1961)

7. Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet missiles in Cuba

8. Kennedy’s Assassination • Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 • Warren Commission • Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassin • Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal government • Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One

9. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969) • Great Society • War on Poverty • 24th Amendment (1964) • Poll taxes unconstitutional • 25th Amendment (1967) • Presidential succession • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • March to Selma (March 1965) • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Counterculture Movement • Free Speech Movement (1964) • Woodstock Music Festival (1969) • Feminism • National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) • Foreign Developments • Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Incident

10. Election of 1964 • Democrats • Lyndon B. Johnson • Daisy Ad • Republicans • Barry Goldwater • Criticized welfare state policies

11. Poverty in America

12. War on Poverty Office of Economic Opportunity Food Stamp Act (1964) Community Action Job Corps Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Immigration Immigration Act of 1965 Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Education Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Head Start (1965) Higher Education Act (1965) Health Care Medicare Health services for elderly Medicaid Health services for low-income families Department of Transportation National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk drivers Environmental Protection Wilderness Act Endangered Species Act Cultural Promotion National Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts AND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR) Consumer Protection Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Great Society

13. The Warren Court (1953-1969) • Equality • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Baker v. Carr (1962) • Criminal Justice • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • First Amendment • Engel v. Vitale (1962) • Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) • New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) • Privacy • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

14. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964) • Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships • Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging • Escalation • Operation Rolling Thunder • Troops increases from 1964 to 1969 • 540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict • Tet Offensive (January 1968) • Vietcong launch surprise attack • U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North Vietnamese

15. Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)War and Tragedy

16. America Is Fighting for a Just Cause in Vietnam;America Is Not Fighting for a Just Cause in Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson – Speech at Johns Hopkins University (1965) Eugene McCarthy – Address at Conference of Concerned Democrats (1967) Instead of the language of promise and of hope, we have in politics today a new vocabulary in which the critical word is war: war on poverty, war on ignorance, war on crime, war on pollution. None of these problems can be solved by war but only by persistent, dedicated, and thoughtful attention. But we do have one war which is properly called a war – the war in Vietnam, which is central to all of the problems of America. A war of questionable legality and questionable constitutionality. A war which is diplomatically indefensible… Even assuming that both objectives and methods can be defended, the war cannot stand the test of proportion and of prudent judgment. It is no longer possible to prove that the good that may come with what is called victory, or projected as victory, is proportionate to the loss of life and property and to other disorders that follow from this war. • Why must this Nation hazard its ease, and its interest, and its power for the sake of a people so far away?... We fight because we must fight if we are to live in a world where every country can shape its own destiny. And only in such a world will our own freedom be finally secure… Over this war – and all of Asia – is another reality: the deepening shadow of Communist China... To leave Viet-Nam to its fate would shake the confidence of all these people in the value of an American commitment and in the value of America’s word. The result would be increased unrest and instability, and even wider war... Because we fight for values and we fight for principles, rather than territory or colonies, pur patience and our determination are unending... This generation of the world must choose: destroy or build, kill or aid, hate or understand...Well, we will choose life. In so doing we will prevail over the enemies within man, and over the natural enemies of all mankind.

17. Space Race • National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) (1958) • Response to Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin • Mercury Program • Alan Shepard • First American in space (1961) • John Glenn • First American to orbit Earth (1962) • Kennedy’s Race to the Moon • Apollo Program • Apollo 11 (1969) • “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” - Neil Armstrong

18. Postwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment end slavery 15th Amendment black suffrage Freedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White League Disenfranchisement Plessy v. Ferguson Separate, but equal Jim Crow Laws in the South Progressive Era Gains Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois NAACP and National Urban League Great Migration 1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWI Lynchings KKK returns Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance 1930s Developments New Deal Coalition New Deal provided some relief programs Limited civil rights legislation Civil Rights MovementBackground

19. Civil Rights MovementBeginning of Progress (1940s) • Smith v. Allwright (1944) • Prohibit all white primaries • March on Washington Movement • A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin • Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947) • Executive Order 9981 (1948) • Desegregation of government and military

20. Civil Rights MovementDesegregation • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Desegregation of schools • Overrules “separate but equal” • “all deliberate speed” • White Southern Reaction • Southern Manifesto (1956) • Little Rock Nine (1957) • Eisenhower orders National Guard to escort black students to Arkansas high school • Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963) • University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • “Segregation Now…”

21. Racial Segregation in Public Schools Is Unconstitutional;The Supreme Court Should Not Interfere in Southern Racial Practices Earl Warren – “Brown v. Board of Education”(1954) “The Southern Manifesto: Declaration of Constitutional Principles” (1956) We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power…The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States... This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding. Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public-school systems. • In the South, the movement toward free common schools, supported by general taxation, had not yet taken hold. Education of white children was largely in the hands of private groups. Education of Negroes was almost nonexistent, and practically all of the race were illiterate. In fact, any education of Negroes was forbidden by law in some states. Today, in contrast, many Negroes have achieved outstanding success in the arts and sciences as well as in the business and professional world… We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

22. Civil Rights MovementRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks (Dec. 1, 1955) • Segregation on Montgomery, AL buses • Refused to give up her seat and arrested • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

23. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King Jr. • Passive Resistance • Bayard Rustin • "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity.” • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Network of churches to organize non-violent civil rights demonstrations

24. Civil Rights MovementStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Sit-Ins • Freedom Rides • “By 1965, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any civil rights organization in the South. It had organized nonviolent direct action against segregated facilities, as well as voter-registration projects, in Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Louisiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi; built two independent political parties and organized labor unions and agricultural cooperatives; and given the movement for women's liberation new energy. It inspired and trained the activists who began the "New Left." It helped expand the limits of political debate within Black America, and broadened the focus of the civil rights movement. Unlike mainstream civil rights groups, which merely sought integration of Blacks into the existing order, SNCC sought structural changes in American society itself”. - Julian Bond

25. Civil Rights MovementBirmingham and Washington • Birmingham Campaign (1963) • Letter from Birmingham Jail • “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.” • March on Washington (8/27/63) • I Have a Dream • Civil Rights Act of 1964

26. Civil Rights MovementSelma March (1965) • From Selma to Montgomery (Alabama) • Blood Sunday (March 7) • Voting Rights Act of 1965

27. Civil Rights MovementMalcolm X and Nation of Islam • Malcolm X • Promoted black separatism, black nationalism, black supremacy • “We don’t teach you to turn the other cheek. We teach you to obey the law… But at the same time, we teach you that anyone who puts his hands on you, you do your best to see that he doesn’t put it on anybody else.” • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad • Black separatism and black pride

28. Civil Rights MovementBlack Power • Stokely Carmichael • SNCC • Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • “Kill Whitey!” • “Burn, baby, burn!”

29. Civil Rights MovementUrban Riots • Los Angeles (1965) • Watts neighborhood • 34 deaths, over 1000 injured • Detroit (1967) • National guard and federal troops and tanks sent • 43 deaths, over 1000 injured • Kerner Commission • Frustration among impoverished urban blacks due to white racism • Attempt to improve inter-racial communications

30. Swinging SixtiesNew Left • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) (1962) • Condemned corporatism, racism, poverty, Vietnam War (“The Establishment”) • Berkeley Free Speech Movement (1964-1965)

31. America’s Youth Must Lead a New Revolution;Student Rebellion Leaders Are a Disgrace “Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society” (1962) K. Ross Toole – “An Angry Man Talks Up to Youth” (1970) Common courtesy and a regard for the opinions of others is not merely a decoration on the pie crust of society, it is the heart of the pie. Too many “youngsters” are egocentric boors. They will not listen, they will only shout down. They will not discuss but, like four-year-olds, they throw rocks and shout… Society, “the Establishment,” is not a foreign thing we seek to impose on the young. We know it is far from perfect. We did not make it; we have only sought to change it. The fact that we have been only minimally successful is the story of all generations, as it will be the story of the generation coming up. Yet we have worked a number of wonders with it. We have changed it. We are deeply concerned about our failures...But we have attacked these things. All our lives we have taken arms against our sea of troubles...But we also have fought with a rational knowledge of the strength of our adversary. • Youth around the world have the potential to become a critical force. A youth movement raises the issues about a society in which it will be forced to live. It takes issues to the working class. They do this because, in America, there exists an enormous contradiction around the integration of youth into the system. The period of pre-employment of this highly industrialized society and the lack of jobs. Institutions like the schools, the military, the courts and the police all act to oppress youth in specific ways, as does the work place. The propaganda and socialization processes focused at youth act to channel young people into desired areas of the labor market as well as to socialize them to accept without rebellion the miserable quality of life in America both on and off the job.

32. Counterculture Movement • Hippies/Flower Children • Non-violent anarchism • Rejection of materialism • Concern for the environment • Youth International Party (Yippies) • Abbie Hoffman • Radical hippies known for theatrical protests and tactics • Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s) • Kinsey studies, novels, magazines • Contraception and premarital sex • Abortion and Roe v. Wade (1973)

33. Music as Expression • Themes • Anti-Establishment • Anti-war • Promotion of counterculture • War - Edwin Starr • Artists • Bob Dylan • Jim Morrison • Rolling Stones • The Beatles • Joan Baez • Jimi Hendrix • Woodstock (1969) • 500,000 attend 3-day rock concert

34. Vietnam Protests Self-immolation was an extreme form of protest. Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

35. 1968The Year of Rage • Tet Offensive (Jan. 30) • Nguyen Van Lem Assassinated (Feb. 1) • My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16) • LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31) • MLK Assassination (Apr. 4) • Columbia University Protests (Apr. 23-30) • Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5) • Democratic National Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30) • Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)

36. Richard Nixon (R) Law and Order Southern Strategy Hubert Humphrey (D) National Convention Riots in Chicago George Wallace American Independent Party Election of 1968