Chapter 38: The Stormy Sixties

1. 1960-1968 Chapter 38: The Stormy Sixties

2. Kennedy’s “New Frontier” Spirit • Describe Kennedy’s advisors. • How did Kennedy bring a warm heart to the Cold War? • How would people describe Kennedy when he was president? • The New Frontier at Home • What was one of Kennedy’s first victories? • Describe the situation with the Steel Companies in the early 1960s. • How did Kennedy stimulate the economy? • Why did Kennedy promote a project to land an American on the moon?

3. Rumblings in Europe • What did Khrushchev threaten in June of 1961? • What did the Soviets build in Berlin in 1961? • What was the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and how did it impact American/European trade? • Who was Charles De Gaulle and why didn’t he like the United States? • Foreign Flare-ups and “Flexible Response” • How did decolonization affect the US during the Cold War? • How did Kennedy end up dealing with the situation in Laos and why? • Describe the concept of “flexible response” and why Kennedy adopted it over the doctrine of “massive retaliation”.

4. Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire • What was the lethal logic behind the doctrine of “flexible response”? • Why did Kennedy order a sharp increase in “military advisors” to South Vietnam in 1961? • Why did America enter Vietnam and how did this change over the course of the war? • Describe the “modernization theory”. • Cuban Confrontations • Describe the Alliance for Progress and its outcome. • What happened at the Bay of Pigs? • What did the Bay of Pigs cause Castro to do? • What did American spy planes discover in Cuba in 1962? • Describe the game of “nuclear chicken” between the US and the Soviet Union in 1962. • Why didn’t the US seize or sink a Soviet vessel during this time period? • What was discovered by the US in 1991? • What did Khruschev and the American government agree to in 1962? • What happened to Khruschev after the Cuban Missle Crisis? • How did the Cuban Missle Crisis impact the American government? • Kennedy tried to lay the foundations of _________________ in relation to the Soviet Union.

5. The Struggle for Civil Rights • How long did it take for Kennedy to redeem his pledge to eliminate discrimination in housing? • Why did Kennedy wait so long to move on civil rights legislation? • What happened to make Kennedy move faster in regard to civil rights? • Describe Kennedy’s relationship with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • How did the process of integration of colleges look in the South? • What happened in the spring of 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama? • What did Kennedy’s June 11, 1963 speech address and how did MLK, Jr. respond? • What violence continued after Kennedy’s speech? • The Killing of Kennedy • What happened to Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963? • What happened when Johnson took over the presidency? • After Kennedy’s death, what was he remembered for? • What later president met Kennedy when he was a boy?

6. The LBJ Brand on the Presidency • Why did LBJ trim his liberal beliefs in 1948? • Describe LBJ’s personality when he was in the Senate. • What provisions did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 include? • How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 affect women? • Describe the “War on Poverty”. • What was LBJ’s new domestic program called? • Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964 • Who did the dems and the repubs nominate for the 1964 election and what were their platforms? • What did Goldwater attack during his campaign? • Describe the Gulf of Tonkin episode. • How did LBJ respond to the Gulf of Tonkin episode? • What is the main idea behind the Gulf of Tonkin resolution? • Who won the election of 1964?

7. The Great Society Congress • How was congress able to pour out new legislation in 1964? • How did Congress escalate the War on Poverty? • Name the Big Four legislative achievements of the Great Society program. • How did LBJ avoid the issue of separation of church and state? • What did the Medicare and Medicaid programs do and who did they help? • How was immigration reformed and how did this impact immigration patterns? • How did LBJ’s Great Society programs impact the poverty rate? Why? • Battling for Black Rights • In the south what issues surrounded voting? • What did the 24th amendment do? • What happened in Mississippi in the summer of 1964? • How did white people respond to King’s voter registration campaign in Selma? • How did LBJ respond to the violence in Selma? • How did the Voting Rights Act change the South?

8. Black Power • What happened in Watts after LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act? Why? • Describe Malcolm X and his beliefs about black leadership. • Describe Stokely Carmichael and his beliefs about black leadership. • Where were riots happening during this time period? • What did the Northern Black Power movement focus on in comparison to the South? • How did the murder of MLK, Jr. affect the American people? • How did thousands of blacks help make history in the late 60s and early 70s? • Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres • What happened in the Dominican Republic and how did Johnson respond? • Describe “Operation Rolling Thunder”. • What was the US plan for success in Vietnam and why didn’t it work? • Why did Johnson continue to raise the stakes in Vietnam?

9. Vietnam Vexations • How did the world respond to US actions in Vietnam? • Describe the Six-Day War. • What kind of protest techniques did antiwar protestors use? • What were Senator Fulbright’s views on the war and how did he influence public opinion? • What happened to Secretary McNamara and what were critics saying about the war? • What did LBJ do that some might consider unconstitutional? • Why did Johnson stay in the war and what did many Americans grow to believe? • Vietnam Topples Johnson • Describe the Tet Offensive and President Johnson’s feelings after it. • How did American military leaders respond to the Tet Offensive? • Who were Gene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy and how did they impact Johnson? • What did LBJ announce March 31, 1968? • How did LBJ’s announcement affect military action and negotiations in Vietnam?

10. The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968 • Who was in the running for the Democratic presidential nomination? • Describe the situation at the Democratic Convention in Chicago. • Who won the nomination and what was their platform? • Why was Nixon chosen as the Republican candidate? • Who was Wallace and what was his platform? • What did both presidential candidates want in relation to Vietnam? • Who won the election and what was significant about his election? • What did Wallace’s success represent? • The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson • Describe LBJ’s leadership. • How did Vietnam affect the Great Society programs? • Why was LBJ “damned if he did and damned if he didn’t”?

11. The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s • How did Americans’ negative attitude towards authority affect previously powerful institutions? • What happened in relation to questioning authority in the 1950s? • What did the Free Speech Movement lead to? • Describe the sexual revolution. • What happened to many cultural revolutions of the 1960s? • Name the “three P’s” of the 1960s. • What happened to many of the flower children in the 1970s?