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Chapter 5 Lesson 1 Nubia and Kush . Mr. Bisconti. Vocabulary Words. Commercial – large scale buying and selling Raw Material – natural resources that can be formed into useful products Import – brought in Export – sent out Annex – add on Independence - freedom. Cataracts Pose a Danger.
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Chapter 5 Lesson 1Nubia and Kush Mr. Bisconti
Vocabulary Words • Commercial – large scale buying and selling • Raw Material – natural resources that can be formed into useful products • Import – brought in • Export – sent out • Annex – add on • Independence - freedom
Cataracts Pose a Danger A. Location of Nubia • 1. Nubia stretched from the Southern Border of Egypt to the City of Kharton • 2. Here, in 2000BC, the Kush Civilization began to develop • 3. Egypt and Kush developed similar ideas and customs • a. The two had political, cultural and commercial relations
Cataracts Pose a Danger • Geography of Nubia was much different from Egypt • 1. High cliffs rise straight up along the banks of the Nile • 2. The Nile does not run smooth through Nubia • a. Large granite boulders block portions of the river, causing rapids and waterfalls • b. Six large areas of cataracts found along the southern part of the Nile • 3. Cataracts made travel and trade difficult • a. sailors had to wait for either the water to rise or pulled their boats over and around them
A Wealth of Resource • A. Cattle Herders • 1. Many Nubians chose to do this as opposed to farming • 2. Cattle owners were usually the richest and most powerful people in all of Nubia • a. Most were pastoral nomads who moved their herds from one place to another with the seasons • b. Only small amount of Nubians were farmers who stayed in one place • B. Raw Materials were plentiful • 1. Within Nubia’s rocky lands were many resources • a. copper and gold • b. cliffs of granite and other kinds of rock, used for construction
A Wealth of Resource • Nubians used these raw materials to make valuable products • a. gold was used in jewelry • b. iron was used for tools or weapons • C. Nubian Pottery • 1. Crafted out of clay • 2. Valuable to Nubian farmers for storing grain, holding water, cooking in, and/or keeping supplies • 3. Nubian potter was of such fine quality, it was used for trade
Nubian Trade • A. Location (between northern and southern Africa) made Nubiaideal for trade, as the worked as the go- between for traders • 1. From the south, Nubians imported: • a. leopard skins, ostrich eggs, feathers, ivory, ebony, spices, and gold • 2. They the exported these items to the North • B. Nubian gold (which they mined and then purified) was in high demand • 1. Egyptians used it lavishly to construct statues and decorations
Nubian Trade • C. Nubian trade flourished as did the economy • 1. Control of the gold trade served to make Nubia rich and neighbors jealous • D. Conflicts began over trade routes • 1. Egypt realized that they could gain greater wealth if they controlled Nubia’s trade routes • 2. By 2600BC, Egypt had claimed all trade routes in Northern Nubia • a. Egyptians also looted Nubia’s rich natural resources • 3. In about 2000BC, an Egyptian King began to annex the land on northern Nubia • a. First he conquered the land, then ordered mud brick forts built near the 2nd cataract • b. Egyptians gained Nubian resources and soldiers
Freedom and Re-conquest • A. Egyptian control of Nubia did not last long • 1. A powerful kingdom arose in Southern Nubia and began to drive Egyptians out of Nubian lands • 2. Ancient Egyptians called this new kingdom Kush • a. Also called Kerma, for its capital was located near the 3rd cataract in Kerma, Sudan • 3. By 1650BC, Kushites had gained independence from Egypt
Freedom and Re-conquest • 4. Kerma became a major site for river and overland trade a. Goods, such as gold, salt, spices, elephant tusks, and rhinoceros horns brought great wealth to Kerma • B. Kushites try to retain control with alliance • 1. Kerma Kings gained power as well as wealth • a. They gained control of northern Nubia • 2. Egypt was losing control of their lands to the Hyskos, who already controlled northern Egypt • 3. Kushite King became an ally to the Hyskos to protect its land from Egypt
Egypt Regains Power • 1. Egyptians forced the Hyskos off their land and then destroyed Kush’s capital city of Kerma • a. Egypt claimed control of much of Nubia • b. Egyptians built cities and temples all over Nubia • c. Under Egyptian rule, many Kushitesadopted Egyptian religious beliefs, writings, customs, and ways of dressing
Summary • The land of Nubia was rich in natural resources. • The early Nubians built a strong economy based on trade. Egypt claimed trade routes in northern Nubia and later annexed the land. • The Kush civilization began when the Nubians began to drive the Egyptians out of Nubia. • Later, the Egyptians again captured Nubian land.
