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Envirepel Technology Brief

Envirepel Technology Brief. August 8, 2014. Envirepel Energy Confidential. Biomass Renewable Energy Facility. “Goes Out”. “The System”. “Goes In”. Biomass Fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel from MSW, Wood Wastes, Green Waste, Organic Waste Streams) 72 TPD typical. Electrical Power.

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Envirepel Technology Brief

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  1. Envirepel Technology Brief August 8, 2014 Envirepel Energy Confidential

  2. Biomass Renewable Energy Facility “Goes Out” “The System” “Goes In” Biomass Fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel from MSW, Wood Wastes, Green Waste, Organic Waste Streams) 72 TPD typical Electrical Power EEI’s scalable low emissions and low profile “make a gas, burn a gas” biomass renewable waste-to-energy system. H2O Low Air Emissions (NOx, SOx, CO, THC, PM) Project Construction Ash >1.5 tons/day for 3MW Operating Costs (Staff, Permits, Maintenance, Consumables, etc.) Add-on Process Methane Gas Synthesis Revenues Expenses • EEI Process • Flexible fuel (waste) feedstocks • Scalable plant size • Low air pollutant emissions • Small unobtrusive footprint • Highly automated control system • Tailored Waste & Energy Solution • Air & Discharge permitting achievable • Tuned to local waste streams • Sized to local waste and energy needs • Flexibility site location Biomass facility design incorporates established technologies in new and innovative equipment designs to maximize reliable continuous power generation with ultra low emissions. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  3. EEI System Advantages: • Near Zero Emissions • Process generates ultra-low levels of NOx and SOx; thereby, allowing a facility to be permitted in the most stringent regulatory environments. • Low Risk Technology • Utilizes proven combustion technology and exhaust air treatment equipment in conjunction with a control algorithm resulting in high efficiency and near zero emissions performance. • Substantially Improved Efficiency • Process converts all carbon compounds in the biomass and other waste fuels, including those that cannot be broken down in alternative enzymatic conversion processes, to maximize BTU content extraction. • Renewable Energy at Competitive Costs • Facility costs comparable to conventional fossil fuel plant costs. With Renewable Energy incentives, the business model only improves. • Multiple Market Player • Facility operates in the electrical power, waste disposition, and synthetic fuels markets. These revenue sources may be balanced at the project level and location according to market conditions to optimize revenue. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  4. EEI System Advantages: • Near Zero Emissions • Process generates ultra-low levels of NOx and SO2; thereby, allowing a facility to be permitted in the most stringent regulatory environments. • Low Risk Technology • Utilizes proven combustion technology and exhaust air treatment equipment in conjunction with a control algorithm resulting in high efficiency and near zero emissions performance. • Substantially Improved Efficiency • Process converts all carbon compounds in the biomass and other waste fuels, including those that cannot be broken down in alternative enzymatic conversion processes, to maximize BTU content extraction. • Renewable Energy at Competitive Costs • Facility costs comparable to conventional fossil fuel plant costs. With Renewable Energy incentives, the business model only improves. • Multiple Market Player • Facility operates in the electrical power, waste disposition, and synthetic fuels markets. These revenue sources may be balanced at the project level and location according to market conditions to optimize revenue. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  5. Biomass Renewable Energy Facility By The Numbers • Electrical Power • 2.75 MW base output (power ~2,200 homes) • 0.25 MW for facility loads • 0.95 Capacity Factor • Sell at ~$0.12/KWH • Low Air Emissions • NOx: 7.0 lbs/Day • SOx: 3.0 lbs/Day • CO: 2.0 lbs/Day • PM: 7.0 lbs/Day • THC: 2.0 lbs/Day • Biomass Fuel • 99 TPD • ~$15/T Tipping Fee • Wide fuel BTU content variance • Refuse Derived Fuel (from MSW) • Wood wastes • Green wastes • Organic materials • Ash • 2 TPD • ~$12/T Concrete Filler • Sterile • 74.8% Silica Value • 3MW Facility • Scalable 3MW Modules • 15,000 SQFT footprint • Warehouse structure • 12-14 months to construct • Ideally located at landfill Project Cost ~$10M Capital Rqmt • H2O • 5400 GPD • Reclaimed for facility utilization • Net producer of water Operating Costs ~$800K/Y Envirepel Energy Confidential

  6. Biomass Renewable Energy Facility By The Numbers • Electrical Power • 2.75 MW base output (power ~2,200 homes) • 0.25 MW for facility loads • 0.95 Capacity Factor • Sell at ~$0.12/KWH • Biomass Fuel • 99 TPD • ~$15/T Tipping Fee • Wide fuel BTU content variance • Refuse Derived Fuel (from MSW) • Wood wastes • Green wastes • Organic materials • Low Air Emissions • NOx: 7.0 lbs/Day • SOx: 3.0 lbs/Day • CO: 2.0 lbs/Day • PM: 7.0 lbs/Day • THC: 2.0 lbs/Day • Ash • 2 TPD • ~$12/T Concrete Filler • Sterile • 74.8% Silica Value • 3MW Facility • Scalable 3MW Modules • 15,000 SQFT footprint • Warehouse structure • 12-14 months to construct • Ideally located at landfill Project Cost ~$10M Capital Rqmt Operating Costs ~$1M/Y ($0.038/KWH) • H2O • 5400 GPD • Reclaimed for facility utilization • Net producer of water • Methane Synthesis • 834.3 MMBTU/Day • Reduces Power Output by 1MW Add-on Process Envirepel Energy Confidential

  7. Basic Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System Generator Turbine Evaporative Cooler System Ambient Air Flow Condenser Deaerator Tank Extended Combustion Chamber Combustion Chamber Clean Wood Wastes Fuel Delivery System Selective Catalytic Reactor Gasification Chamber Economizer Steam Boiler Ash Bin Continuous Emissions Monitor System Flue Recirculation Gas Stack Induction Fan Dust Collector System Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Scrubber System EAU Primacide Generator Reclaimed Water System Envirepel Energy Confidential

  8. EEI’s Gasification-Combustion Process “Make a gas, burn a gas” Low Emissions Achieved by: Biomass Fuel Feedstock Primary Air • Advanced control of air flow and O2 concentration. • Innovative proprietary ceramics designed to achieve optimal: • Refractory properties • Radiant heat gradient • Temperature conditions • Proven Emission Control Equipment: • Selective Catalytic Reactor • Cyclone Dust Collectors • Spray Scrubber • Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Fuel near instantaneously releases substantial portion of the energy that it contains as a gaseous mixture of methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen – “syngas”. 2000oF Syngas fully combusted in tightly controlled chamber. H2 gas (from fuel moisture) reacts with combusted gases to create acids (nitrous, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.) precluding significant formation of traditional NOx and SOx pollutants. Secondary Air Tertiary Air Temperature blanketing of combustion gases shuts down thermal NOx production. Dwell time to ensure complete combustion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. 1750oF Steam Plant for Electrical Power Envirepel Energy Confidential

  9. How Does EEI Stacks Up? Average U.S. Power Plant Fossil Fuel Emissions (lbs/MWh) Source: 1U.S. EPA, eGRID, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html. 2 EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  10. Perspective…EEI Air Emissions Compared to Major Source Categories in San Diego County Average Annual Emissions 2008 San Diego County (TPD) Source: 1California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, 2008 Estimated Annual Average Emissions San Diego County, http://www.arb.ca.gov. 2EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  11. Ultra Low Air Pollutant Emissions Average Air Pollutant Emissions for EEI 3 MW Biomass Renewable Energy Facility Source: EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data. No other technology in the Waste-to-Energy sector has achieved these results. EEI Confidential

  12. HDR Engineering, Inc. Air Emission Evaluation of EEI Biomass REF Technology – January 2009 Source: “Conversion/Gasification Technologies: Separating the Myths From Reality” HDR Engineering, Inc. Michael Brown & Michael Greenberg, January 9, 2009. EEI Confidential

  13. Ash Generation Ash Composition - Clean Wood Waste from EEI Test Cell (R&D Unit) • Ash, a solid byproduct of the process, represents approximately 2 percent by weight of consumed waste fuel. • The ash is sterile, chemically inert and resembles fine grain sand. • Based on laboratory analysis of ash from EEI’s Test Cell, it has a silica value of 74.83% and its composition makes it compatible to be sold as concrete filler. • Ash is near continuously removed from the gasification-combustion unit via an encapsulated auger system into an enclosed ash bin sealed off from the atmosphere. Laboratory analysis by: SGS North America, Inc., Minerals Services Division, February 25, 2008 Ash is a revenue source; sold as concrete filler. Clean Wood Waste Sterile Ash 75% Silica Value EEI Confidential

  14. Start Month 6 Month 4 Month 13 National Project Schedule Phase 1 • Site lease/purchase negotiated • Funding activities • Engineering design and development • Filing of permits • Power purchase agreement(s) • Public relations program initiated Phase 2 • Site preparation and clean-up • Vendor selection • Procurement of equipment and materials • Construction permits obtained Phase 3 • Mobilization and site construction • Building and foundations constructed • Assembly and installation of facility equipment • Integration of systems • Construction audit • Operational and capacity testing Envirepel Energy Confidential

  15. Test Cell – 3 (TC-3) Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System Fuel Delivery System Has just about every component a full-up commercial unit will have. Gasification-Combustion Unit Research and Development combustion system that produces 6 MMBtu/hr of heat & generates electrical power sufficient to power its systems. Built to the definitions of exemptions under APCD Rule 11, it is used solely to develop the first article systems (hardware/software) of the company’s first production article, our 2 MW Kittyhawk Project. Demonstrates the equipment and software designs work in a facility setting, delivering less than 5% of the typical stack emissions of a conventional WTE plant on a per MW basis. Monitored and operated via a fully integrated automated control system allowing integrated facility control & operation, and remote viewing. Steam Boiler Unit Envirepel Energy Confidential

  16. Test Cell – 3 Performance Parameters Consumes 9 Tons/day Delivers 75 kW (limited by turbine) Ash 0.18 Tons/day Produces 6 MMBtu/hr H2O 600 gal/day Emissions Envirepel Energy Confidential

  17. Test Cell – 3 Systems Evaporative Cooler Generator Turbine Ambient Air Flow Extended Combustion Chamber Condenser Deaerator Tank Combustion Chamber Fuel Bin Gasification Chamber • Biomass Fuels • Wood Wastes • Green Wastes • Refuse Derived Fuel Economizer Steam Boiler Ash Bin Flue Recirculation Gas Stack Dust Collector System Induction Fan Induction Fan Emissions Monitor System Scrubber System EEI Confidential

  18. EEI Test Cell Experience Over 3000 operating hours. • EEI operated its first research and development units (Test Cell-1 and then Test Cell-2) starting in 2007 in Vista, CA to demonstrate emissions performance of its proprietary gasification-combustion system. • Performance of the Test Cells has met and surpassed all design goals for low emissions performance on a variety of feed stocks (green waste, wood waste, refused derived fuel (MSW), chipped tires, coal, etc.) and resulted in the current EEI renewable energy facility design. EEI Confidential

  19. Kittyhawk 4.6 MW Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System Generator Turbine Evaporative Cooler System Ambient Air Flow Condenser Deaerator Tank Extended Combustion Chamber Combustion Chamber Clean Wood Wastes Fuel Delivery System Selective Catalytic Reactor Gasification Chamber Economizer Steam Boiler Ash Bin Continuous Emissions Monitor System Flue Recirculation Gas Stack Induction Fan Dust Collector System Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Scrubber System EAU Primacide Generator Reclaimed Water System EEI Confidential

  20. Methane Gas Production – Process Flow CO2 + 2H2O + energy → CH4 + 2O2 V1 Water Separation Unit V2 Nitrogen Separation Unit Combustion Product Exhaust Gases 159,666 #/hr 20,0082 #/hr 210,461 #/hr Nitrogen 40,415 #/hr 10,379 #/hr Water 9 MW EEI Biomass Facility V3 CO2 Separation Unit 22,517 #/hr 4,265 #/hr Other Gases including O2 City Water • 3 MW for Methane Production 14,647 #/hr 17,898 #/hr • 0.5 MW for Facility Loads V4 H2 Production Unit V5 Methane Production Unit Methane Gas 6,508 #/hr 1,627 #/hr • 5.5 MW for Sale to the Grid 2503 MMBtu/day 13,017 #/hr 13,017 #/hr 26,034 #/hr Oxygen V1-V5 are readily available commercial-off-the-shelf reaction vessels. EEI Confidential

  21. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Analysis Decrease due to recycling & source reduction or recession? • Waste generation at 4.43 lbs per person per in 2010 in U.S. • Organic materials continue to be the largest component of MSW. • In 2009, there were 1,908 MSW landfills. • 38% are in the West, 35% in the South, 21% in the Midwest and less than 7% in the Northeast. • Construction/demolition wastes, non-hazardous industrial waste and wastewater treatment sludge are not included in MSW. These wastes approximately double the amount of waste landfills accommodate. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  22. Landfill Tipping Fees • Regression analysis shows tipping fees increased on average by $1.24/yr. • From 2004 to 2010 tipping fees rose at a rate similar to the 1995-2010 period at $1.62/yr reaching an average fee of $46 in 2010. • The Northeast region had the highest average tip fees, followed by the Mid-Atlantic and the West. EEI business workbooks assumes $15/T, but does not rely on tipping fees for positive cash flow. Envirepel Energy Confidential Source: National Solid Wastes Management Association www.nswma.org.

  23. Combustion With Energy Recovery • Most of MSW combustion currently practiced in incorporates recovery of an energy product (steam/electricity). • Resulting energy reduces the amount needed from other sources, and the sale of the energy helps to offset the cost of operating the facility. • Total U.S. MSW combustion with energy recovery had a 2009 design capacity of 94,721 tons per day. • There were 87 WTE facilities in 2009, down from 102 in 2000. • In tons of capacity per million persons, the Northeast region had the most MSW combustion capacity in 2009. Permitting MSW combustion facilities has brought growth in this sector to a halt. EEI Confidential

  24. Natural Gas (Methane Gas) Natural Gas USD/MMBTU $15.38 Methane Gas production provides EEI Biomass REF projects significant ROI potential. Envirepel Energy Confidential

  25. CO2 Recovery and Conversion to Petroleum • 160,000,000 tons of waste buried in U.S. Landfills each year • Equal to 18,264 MW-YR of electrical production • U.S. consumption of petroleum fuels in 2010- 166,140,000,000 gals • 105,034,208,000 gals gasoline (all types) • 16,720,704,000 gals jet fuel • 44,387,680,000 gals fuel oil • Envirepel Energy estimated fuel production rate from CO2 recovery in TC-3 system (using 10% CO2 levels from Test work) • 1636 gals fuel/MW/Day • Annual Fuel Production Potential from U.S. Landfill capacity • 261,759,901,000 gals or 157% of current US consumption Envirepel Energy Confidential

  26. Permitting Issues for Mass Burn Facilities EEI has comprehensively addressed each of these issues in its design and in most cases turned them into assets. • Some of major issues associated with mass burn facilities include: • Ability to meet air quality requirements • Possible conflict with adjacent land uses • Disturbances to biological resources • Disposal of ash and other by-products • Possible classification of the ash as a hazardous material • Use of large amounts of water for cooling (if wet cooling towers are used) • Visual quality changes due to power plant structures and traffic patterns • Transportation impacts from numerous truck trips from refuse source to the mass burn facility (collection and transportation would already be occurring, so facility would only cause a change in traffic patterns) • Likely public opposition because of uncertainties over health, safety, odor, and traffic impacts (since it is most economical for the facility to be located near urban centers where the waste is generated) • Possible conflicts between using MSW for electricity generation and programs/goals for waste reduction techniques and recycling • Possible hazardous materials leakage that may necessitate site cleanup EEI Confidential

  27. Biodiesel Opportunity Biodiesel Growth by Region, 2010-2020 Source: http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/DownstreamBiofuels/Maelle_Soares_Pinto.pdf EEI Confidential

  28. Biofuels and Biodiesel Biofuels Consumption, 2004-2008 Liquid Fuel Components Envirepel Energy Confidential

  29. Renewable Energy Cost Trends Levelized cost of energy in constant 2005$1 At $0.04/kWh EEI’s Biomass REF is highly competitive in the renewables market. Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2005.ppt) 1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data. DRAFT November 2005 EEI Confidential

  30. EEI Compared to the Energy Sector Note: Does not include revenue from tipping fees collected for waste fuel. EEI 15MW Facility (95% Capacity Factor) EEI 15MW Facility Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_cost_dg.html) EEI Confidential

  31. Key Take Aways • EEI’s game-changing technology: • Supports responsible and sustainable solid waste disposal • Provides cost effective renewable energy • Promotes distributed grid development enhancing reliability and reducing transmission losses • EEI has demonstrated its technology through its Test Cell R&D Prototype Units • Over 3,000 hours of operating experience • Performance met and surpassed all design goals for low emissions on a variety of feed stocks (green waste, wood waste, refused derived fuel (MSW), chipped tires, coal, etc.) • EEI design based on actual operating experience • EEI ready to proceed on commercial project with City of Vista • Approximately 5 MW gross output unit • City will be partner and enter power purchase agreement • Clear path to achieving project permits Envirepel Energy Confidential

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