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Common ancestor (green algal charophyte) Adaptations to terrestrial life Plant life cycles

Explore the fascinating evolution of plants, from seedless varieties like bryophytes to seed plants including gymnosperms and angiosperms. Learn about their adaptations to terrestrial life, life cycles, and ecological importance.

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Common ancestor (green algal charophyte) Adaptations to terrestrial life Plant life cycles

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  1. Plant Kingdom Ch. 27 & 28 Topics • Common ancestor (green algal charophyte) • Adaptations to terrestrial life • Plant life cycles • Four major plant groups – cladograms • Ecology and economy

  2. Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 557-560. Plants • ~445 mya (Paleozoic era), plants colonized land • > 300,000 spp. • Across the Earth • Complex, mostly autotrophic, multicellular organisms, small to huge (duckweeds to sequoias) • Green algae (ancestors) and plants share • Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids • Starch and cellulose • Cell plate during cell division • Alternation of generation • Molecular homology

  3. Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 558-560 Major Adaptations More complex and variable alternation of generation Gametophyte Antheredia - sperms Archegonia - an egg Embryophytes Sporophyte Sporogenous cells - spores

  4. Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 558-561. Plant Evolution Issue of desiccation in dry atmosphere - cuticle and stomata, embryo protected by archegonia, roots, vascular tissue, lignin

  5. Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 562-567. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Plants • Most closely related to green algal ancestor (charophyte) • Spores found in 460 million year-old sediments • >15,000 species • Typically small, require damp regions - no vascular system, roots, stems, leaves • Three groups: • Liverworts (Phylum, Hepaticophyta - thalloid/leafy) • Mosses (Phylum, Bryophyta - leafy) • Hornworts (Phylum, Anthocerotophyta - thalloid)

  6. Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 562-567. Mosses: Phylum - Bryophyta. ~ 9,000 spp., importance of rain/standing water to complete life cycle – many male-female separate

  7. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 27. p. 568-569. • Seedless Vascular Plants • Club ‘mosses’ (Lycopodiophyta) and Ferns (Pteridophyta) – two clades • Vascular tissue - large size - strength - lignin • Earliest vascular plants ~420 mya – • sporophytic dominance

  8. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 27. p. 572-573. Pteridophyta

  9. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 27. p. 573. Pteridophyta - Life Cycle

  10. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 578-595. Seed Plants Topics • Seeds • Gymnosperms: Naked Seeded Plants • Cycads - Cycadophyta • Ginkgo biloba - Ginkgophyta • Conifers – Coniferophyta (Pinophyta) • Gnetophytes - Gnetophyta • Angiosperms: Flowering Plants – Anthophyta (Magnoliophyta) • Flower – Two major classes • Monocots – Class, Monocotyledones (Liliopsida) • Dicots – Class, Eudicotyledones (Magnoliopsida) • Adaptations of flowering plants

  11. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 578-580. Seed • Develops from • Fertilized ovule (Ovule = Megasporangium covered by integument) • Consists of • Embryonic sporophyte • Nutritive tissue • Protective coat

  12. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 578-581. Seeds - Reproductively Superior • Development - more derived than spore • Embryo is a tiny plant • Spore is merely a haploid cell • Contains food supply • Allows development and growth until the new plant can establish local nutritive support • Covered by a tough seed coat • Protection, extended dormant period • Seeds covered in ovary (fruit) or not – Gymnosperms and angiosperms • Draw the cladogram of seed plants

  13. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 580-595. Gymnosperms Angiosperms

  14. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 580-584. Gymnosperms – largest bodies Cycadophyta Dioecious

  15. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 584-585. Ginkgophyta • Only one species, G. biloba native to China - dioecious • Oldest genus of living trees; 200 million year old fossils - look identical to modern ginkgoes • Pollution-tolerant, popular urban tree • Popular medicinal

  16. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 580-583. Coniferophyta • 630 species: pines, spruces, hemlocks, firs etc. • Mainly monecious: male, female structures in same plant • Strobili (cones) - reproductive structures • Woody trees and shrubs - clear annual growth rings • No herbaceous spp. • Many conifers - make resin • Sticky, protect plant from attack by insects and fungi

  17. Conifers - usually evergreen, some deciduous - bald cypress and redwoods Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 580-585. Gnetophyta Vessel elements, cone clusters like flower clusters, and some broad-leaved plants - like Anthophytes – but likely not in the same evolutionary lineage.

  18. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 585-595. Flowering Plants - Anthophyta • >300,000 species - dominant plants on Earth - economic benefits • From small herbaceous plants to huge trees • Flowers - conspicuous or cryptic • Sexual reproductive structure - flower - double fertilization produces seeds within fruits • Vessel elements in xylem; sieve tubes in phloem (more efficient water/nutrient, and sugar conduction)

  19. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 586-587. A complete flower

  20. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 586.

  21. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 589.

  22. Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 590-591. Adaptations of Flowering Plants • Seed - protection + dispersal • Closed carpels (fruit) aid in dispersal (animal dispersal too) • Flowers attract pollinators • Pollen - well-adapted to cross-fertilization via pollinators • Double fertilization – increases reproductive success • Improved water and sugar transport in xylem and phloem • Broad leaves, well-developed roots - absorb and store nutrients • Cacti, Trees, Lilies, Vines, Shrubs - Sporophytic adaptations critical to success

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