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Evolution and Adaptation of Land Plants

Learn about the evolution of land plants from green algae and the key adaptations that allowed them to survive on land. Discover the common traits between plants and green algae, the importance of genetic analysis, and the challenges that living on land presented. Explore plant adaptations such as the cuticle, stomata, vascular system, lignin, and pollen grains. Understand the significance of seeds and the mutualistic relationships between plants and other organisms.

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Evolution and Adaptation of Land Plants

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  1. KEY CONCEPTPlant life began in the water and became adapted to land.

  2. Land plants evolved from green algae. • Plants and green algae have many common traits. • both are photosynthetic eukaryotes • both have the same types of chlorophyll • both use starch as a storage product • both have cell walls with cellulose

  3. Genetic analysis points to the common ancestor of all plants. • extinct green algae species in class Charophyceae • modern charophyceans common in lakes and ponds

  4. Important plant characteristics likely originated in charophyceans. • multicellular body allowing for specialization of cells and tissues • cell division that allows for chemical communication between cells • reproduction involving sperm swimming to egg

  5. True plants evolved through natural selection. • Ancestral charophyceans lived in areas of shallow water. • Those that could survive longer dry periods were favored. • First true plants probably grew at edges of water. • True plants have embryos that develop while attached to female parent.

  6. True plants evolved through natural selection.

  7. Challenges of living on land have selected for certain plant adaptations. A cuticle allows plants to retain moisture. waxy, waterproof layer Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land. • holds moisture in

  8. Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle. stoma • can open and close • allow air to move in and out

  9. A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant. water and mineral nutrients sugars • collection of specialized tissues • brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots • disperses sugars from the leaves • allows plants to grow higher off the ground

  10. Lignin allows plants to grow upright. lignin plant cells • hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues • provides stiffness to stems

  11. Pollen grains allow for reproduction without free-standing water. • pollen grains contain a cell that divides to form sperm

  12. Pollen can be carried by wind or animals to female structures

  13. A seed is a storage device for a plant embryo. • seed coats protect embryos from drying wind and sunlight • embryo develops when environment is favorable

  14. Plants and other organisms can share a mutualistic relationship. a mutualism is an interaction in which two species benefit plant roots and certain fungi and bacteria flowering plants and their animal pollinators Plants evolve with other organisms in their environment.

  15. Plants have adaptations that prevent animals from eating them. • spines and thorns • defensive chemicals

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