R&D Program for any detectors using “large” number of photodetectors

1. R&D Program for any detectors using “large” number of photodetectors JE Campagne(LAL)- NNN07 5-7-10-2007

2. Large optical surface detector Huge amount of very large photodetectors (PMTs of 20” size) Proposition : PMm2 Replace large PMTs (20”) by groups of smaller ones (12”) Integrated electronics(Multichannel, close to the PMTs)

3. “Local” FE-ASIC Monitoring HV ~1m2 FPGA + µC Network Controller “Outside” Ethernet switches + server GPS receiver DAQ PMm2 philosophy for large detectors*: Replace large PMTs (20”) by groups of smaller ones (eg. 12”); originally proposed by Photonis Co. at NNN05 “No possible local coincidence” (low energy event 10PMs/MeV over 81000 PMs) ⇓ TRIGGER LESS x16 Twisted pairs cables for Clock sync. - Digitized Data - Power *: MEMPHYS ~ 3 x 81,000 PMTs; LENA & GLACIER ~ 20,000 ÷ 30,000 PMTs

4. 50 115 53 k€ Post-Doc (LAL) 119 167 500k€/3yrs funded by new French Agency (ANR) Starts officially 25 Jan. 07

5. The team: 5 FTE (Ing.), 1 post-doc • LAL • P. Barillion, S. Blin, Th. Cacérès, J.E Campagne*, Ch. de La Taille, G. Martin-Chassard, N. Seguin-Moreau • Wei-Wei (Chinese post-doc since Sept. 07 for 6 months) • IPNO • B. Genolini, Th. Nguyen Trung, J. Peyré, J. Pouthas,E. Rindel, Ph. Rosier • LAPP • N. Dumont-Dayot, D. Duchesneau, J. Favier, R. Hermel, J. Tassan-Viol • Photonis • P. Lavoute, C. Moussan *: coordinator http://pmm2.in2p3.fr

6. Front-End Electronics Requirements • Auto trigger • 100% trigger efficiency @ 1/3 p.e (50fC) • Excellent time resolution < 1ns • Dynamic range up to 300 p.e • Provide digitized signals • Scalability • Low cost • Profit from progress in micro-electronics and DAQ ! • Many issues in common with HPD or large PMTs developments by KEK (see M. Tanaka)

7. MAROC : 64 ch MaPMT chip for ATLAS lumi 5x5 array of 64 anodes PMT Hamamatsu H7546B BOTTOM side LAL has a solid expertise in micro-electronic developments and we will reuse efficiently the existing and validated blocs. MAROC1 Chip On Board

8. MAROC performance • Gain adjustment • Trigger efficiency 100% @ 50fC (1/3 p.e @ 106) • Can be lower down to 10fC P. Barillon et al., « MAROC: Multi-Anode ReadOut Chip for MaPMTs », IEEE 2006, October 29 – Nov. 4, 2006 · San Diego, California P. Barrillon’s talk at TWEPP07 (50 ± 3) fC over 64 chan.

9. Channel 16 Channel 1 Read Vref SSH Track & hold 12 bits ADC Differential Slow Shaper (200 ns) Serial 16x12bits charge measurement 16 charge inputs Variable Gain Amplifier (1-4) Hold OR delay Gain Correction (4bits) Serial 16x(8÷10) bits time measurement Differential Fast Shaper (15ns) Discri Vref FSH Vref SSH 8÷ 10bits TDC 2 Gains scale to reach 300p.e Bandgap DAC 10 bits Threshold (10bits) Slow control signals New ASIC Architecture

10. Complementarily with PMm2: a collaboration with KEK starts for HPD read out • Since NNN06 a new thread of collaboration has emerged. • M. Tanaka-sancame March 07 to test MAROC2 at LAL and discuss informally of possible common R&D. Right after, a MAROC2 chip with Test Board had been send to KEK for evaluation with Hamamatsu 13” HPD. • Ch. de La Taille & N. Seguin-Moreau had attended the FJ-AIL meeting and a new project between Japan & France had been accepted in the FJ-AIL context for HPD Read-Out join R&D. • M. Tanaka came at LAL end Sept. 07.

11. Photodetectors « All ideas on photodetection designs are certainly interesting But… …if a mass production is foreseen Constraints from industry must be considered from the beginning » J. Pouthas at NNN06

12. Photodetectors Improved ~16% Standard Improved photocathode Quantum efficiency (400 nm) Standard ~26% Improved ~32% Control by Pulse measurements in Single Electron Response (Relative detection efficiency) Drawbacks ? Dark count rate Same at low temperature Increase with temperature D. Dornic et al, Beaune Conference, France, June 2005. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A567 (2006) 27.

13. Photodetectors New Ph. D: Cl. Périnet ( Oct. 09) • Specific R&D for PMm2: • Parameter correlation studies: • Signal/Noise @ 1p.e vs Dark current vs Quantum and Collection Eff. • ⇒ What is the optimum ? • Potting : preliminary studies done • Water Pressure test facility (@ 10bars) under study • Water tight Box for the Read Out electronics under design • Glass shape optimisation for 10bars mechanical studies undertaken • 12” PMTs will produced by Photonis and qualified by IPNO • Mechanics of the demonstrator

14. Digital part details FE ASIC FPGA/CPLD µC decoder @ SS1 SS2 SS3 SCK/MOSI/MISO SPI Registers SPI / 3 / clock 3 MAROC to SPI & Time stamping Control (T°,…) output_data MUX I²C / valid_data / 2 3 START Ethernet MAC IRIGB decoder DC/DC _ 4 RS485 to TTL PoE Rx-Tx data • ~100m 3 twisted pairs cables: • 2 for Ethernet + PoE • 1 for GPS synchronisation • SPI bus : Dialog with FE ASIC, Read IRIGB time stamping (UTC + pps) • I2C bus : Monitoring and control • Ethernet (data) + Power Over Ethernet ( power supply): • ~50V for HV generation locally • Ok at least for 40 Mb/s @ 5kHz/PM Dark Current

15. Summary & Outlook • PMm2 is funded and the R&D began on Jan. 07. • A lot to do : • DAQ-Clock system is for the moment at a stage of “selection of the appropriate technology”. • New generation of FE ASIC will be submitted soon. • Photodetector: specific test bench “pressure under water” is under study. • PMT detailed specifications still to be finalized. Eg. Dark Current is certainly an issue. • A complementary R&D has also started for HPD readout between LAL and KEK in 07. See you in Paris for NNN08 (Sept.)

16. BACKUP JE Campagne(LAL)- NNN07 5-7-10-2007

17. 70m 20m 2x (48m x 54m x 250m) Some detectors presented at NNN Workshops Start 99, Aussois 05, Seattle 06, Hamamatsu 07, Paris 08 Water Čerenkov 500kT→1Mt HyperK UNO MEMPHYS 65m 80m European initiative Liq. Argon →100kT Liq. Scintillator →50kT GLACIER LENA Large Apparatus for Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics: LAGUNA

18. Charge output linearity • Above measurements performed with the external ADC of the test board • The pedestal (measured with the first T&H) was suppressed • Linearity of ± 2% approximately • The 64 Wilkinson ADCs are also working: 12bits, 80 µs conversion time 40p.e

19. Photodetectors T= 30° Noise (kHz) 5"8"10" Noise (kHz) Temperature (°C) Photocathode surface (cm2) T= -5° Noise (kHz) Window glass volume (cm3) Noise (dark pulses) All the main results in PhD of D. Dornic Sept. 06 And are inputs for PMm2 photodetector requirements.

20. MAROC2 architecture MAROC2 = MAROC1 + additional features (ADC Wilkinson, 3 discriminators, Encoder) • Similar to OPERA ROC • Low input impedance (50-100 Ω) • 6 bits gain adjustment (G=0-4) per channel • 64 discriminator outputs • 100% sensitivity to 1/3 photoelectron (50fC). Counting rate up to 2 MHz • Common threshold loaded by internal 10bit DAC (step 3mV) • 1 multiplexed charge output with variable shaping 20-200ns and Track & Hold. • Dynamic range : 11 bits (2fC - 5 pC) • Crosstalk < 1% • Technology : AMS SiGe 0.35µm • Submitted March 06 • Area 16 mm2 • Received in june 06 • 240 pins

21. MAROC* : 64 ch MAPMT chip for ATLAS lumi Hold signal • Similar to OPERA ROC • Low input impedance (50-100 Ω) • 6 bits gain adjustment (G=0-4) per channel • 64 discriminator outputs • 100% sensitivity to 1/3 photoelectron (50fC). Counting rate up to 2 MHz • Common threshold loaded by internal 10bit DAC (step 3mV) • 1 multiplexed charge output with variable shaping 20-200ns and Track & Hold. • Dynamic range : 11 bits (2fC - 5 pC) • Crosstalk < 1% Multiplexed Charge output Variable Slow Shaper S&H Photons 64 inputs Variable Gain Preamp. Bipolar Fast Shaper Photomultiplicator 64 trigger outputs Synoptic diagram of MAROC1 Gain correction: 6 bits/channel discriminator threshold 10 bits DAC MAROC1 • Technology : AMS SiGe 0.35µm • Submitted 13 june 05 • Area 12 mm2 • Received in november 05 • Dissipation 130 mW @VDD=3.5V *: OPERA_ROC successor

22. IPN Orsay / Photonis Overview on results Improved photocathode D. Dornic et al, Beaune Conference, France, June 2005 In press in Nucl. Instr. and Meth. XP1805 (9’’, AUGER PMT) Standard (~800 PMTs) Sk CB: 9.32 μA/lmF Sk White: 68. 37 μA/lm Blue measurement (Corning Blue filter) Improved (~25 PMTs) Sk CB: 11.35 μA/lmF Sk White: 118.00 μA/lm Increase of Sk CB: ~19% Increase of Sk White: ~42% White measurement Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

23. ASIC Chip & TEST BOARD designed at LAL GPIB port USB port 64ch PM socket MAROC (COB) Control Altera

24. ADC performance • Wilkinson type • 64 channels • 12 bits • 80 µs conversion time

25. MAROC 2 ASIC • 64 channels • Preamps • Fast shaper 15ns • Discriminators • Slow shaper • Track&Hold • 12bit ADC • 10bit DAC • Bangap reference • Digital formatting • Silicon Germanium • 0.35µm BiCMOS • 16mm2 area

26. Hold signal Multiplexed Analog charge output Variable Slow Shaper 20-100 ns S&H S&H 64 Wilkinson 12 bit ADC Photons Multiplexed Digital charge output Variabl Gain Preamp. 64 inputs Bipolar Fast Shaper Photomultiplier 64 channels 64 trigger outputs (to FPGA) 80 MHz encoder Unipolar Fast Shaper Gain correction 64*6bits 3 DACs 12 bits 3 discri thresholds (3*12 bits) LUCID MAROC : 64 ch MAPMT chip for ATLAS lumi • Similar to OPERA ROC • Low input impedance (50-100 Ω) • 6 bits gain adjustment (G=0-4) per channel • 64 discriminator outputs • 100% sensitivity to 1/3 photoelectron (50fC). Counting rate up to 2 MHz • Common threshold loaded by internal 10bit DAC (step 3mV) • 1 multiplexed charge output with variable shaping 20-200ns and Track & Hold. • Dynamic range : 11 bits (2fC - 5 pC) • Crosstalk < 1%

27. Hold signal 1 Hold signal 2 Multiplexed Analog charge output Variable Slow Shaper 20-100 ns S&H 1 MUX S&H 2 64 Wilkinson 12 bit ADC Photons Multiplexed Digital charge output 64 inputs Variable Gain Preamp. Bipolar Fast Shaper Photomultiplier 64 channels EN_serializer FS choice Unipolar Fast Shaper Gain correction 64*6bits 64 trigger outputs Cmd_LUCID 80 MHz encoder LUCID 3 discri thresholds (3*12 bits) 3 DACs 12 bits LUCID 9 Sums SUM of 7 fibres MAROC – Main Features • Technology: AMS SiGe 0.35 mm • Package: CQFP240 • Power consumption: 350mW • 5 mW/ch • Area: 16 mm2 • Submitted March 2006 • Received July 2006 Second version