Bibliographic Relationships and Bibliographic Families

1. Bibliographic Relationships and Bibliographic Families

2. Bibliographic Universe • The bibliographic universe consists of all physical objects that record information and can be treated as entities. As such, they form the basis for bibliographic descriptions. If an information-bearing object cannot be recorded, it cannot be reproduced, so the bibliographic universe is limited to those objects that can be reproduced [i.e., recorded]

3. Bibliographic Entities: Item and Work • Bibliographic entity: the central object of bibliographic control and retrieval; any unique instance of recorded knowledge (e.g., a dissertation, a novel, a symphony). Each bibliographic entity can be viewed as having two properties—physical and intellectual. • The physical property—an item—is represented as a set of inherent bibliographic characteristics. • These characteristics include: • 1. Physical aspects such as dimensions, material, transmittal mode (printed text, magnetic impulses, etc.) • 2. Bibliographic data such as title, names, and publication details

4. Bibliographic Entities: Item and Work • The intellectual property—the work—is the knowledge recorded. • Work is the intellectual content of a bibliographic entity. Any work has two properties: • 1. The set of propositions expressed, which forms the ideational content • 2. The expression of those propositions (a set of linguistic, musical, etc. strings), which forms semantic content • A work is a distinct intellectual or artistic creation.

5. Expression • the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms • an expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is "realized"; inasmuch as the form of expression is an inherent characteristic of the expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word) results in a new expression; similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the production of a new expression

6. Manifestation • the physical embodiment of an expression of a work; as an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form; • when a work is realized, the resulting expression of the work may be physically embodied on or in a medium such as paper, audio tape, video tape, etc.; the physical embodiment constitutes a manifestation of the work; in some cases there may be only a single physical exemplar produced of that manifestation of the work (e.g., an author's manuscript, a tape recorded for an oral history archive, an original oil painting, etc.) • in other cases there are multiple copies produced in order to facilitate public dissemination or distribution

7. Item • a single exemplar of a manifestation; an item is a concrete entity; it is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette), exemplifying a manifestation is normally the same as the manifestation itself; however, variations may occur from one item to another, even when the items exemplify the same manifestation, where those variations are the result of actions external to the intent of the producer of the manifestation (e.g., damage occurring after the item was produced, binding performed by a library, etc.)

8. Bibliographic Family • the set of all works related to one another because they have common ideational and semantic content. • Bibliographic Relationships: • Equivalence relationships hold between exact copies of the same manifestation of a work, or between an original item and its reproductions

9. Bibliographic Relationships • Derivative relationships hold between a work and a modification based on that same work. • Simultaneous derivations: works published in two editions simultaneously • Successive derivations: works revised one or more times with statements such as “second edition” and works issued successively with new authors • Translations • Amplifications, including illustrated texts, musical settings, criticisms, commentaries • Extractions including abridgments, condensations and excerpts • Adaptations, including simplifications, screenplays, librettos, arrangement of musical works, and other modifications • Performances, including sound or visual recordings

10. Bibliographic Relationships • Descriptive relationships hold between a bibliographic work or item and a criticism, evaluation or review of that work. • Whole-part relationships hold between a component part of a bibliographic item or work and its whole, as with an individual selection from the work and the whole anthology. • Accompanying relationships hold between a bibliographic item and the bibliographic item it accompanies.

11. Bibliographic Relationships • Sequential relationships hold between bibliographic items that continue or precede one another, as between successive titles of a serial. • Shared characteristics relationships hold between a bibliographic item and other items that are not otherwise related but coincidentally have a common author, title, subject, or other characteristic used as an access point in a catalog, such as a shared language, date of publication, or country of publication.

12. Bibliographic Relationships • Bibliographic relationships are highly prevalent in both the bibliographic universe and in the library catalog. Over half that exist in the bibliographic universe are not recorded in the library catalog.

13. Aesthetic importance of work Audience Bibliographic relationships Date Edition Genre History of work Intellectual form Language Origin Title Topical content Work identifier Attributes of the Work

14. Bibliographic relationships Date of publication Extent History of the item Item Identifier Lending and access Special equipment requirements Place of publication Price Publisher Series publication pattern Series volume information Title Attributes of the Item

15. IFLA Basic Requirements For National Bibliographic Records • Find all manifestations embodying: • the works for which a given person or corporate body is responsible • the various expressions of a given work • works on a given subject • works in a given series

16. IFLA Basic Requirements For National Bibliographic Records • Find a particular manifestation: • when the name(s) of the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible for the work(s) embodied in the manifestation is (are) known • when the title of the manifestation is known • when the manifestation identifier is known • Identify a work • Identify an expression of a work

17. IFLA Basic Requirements For National Bibliographic Records • Identify a manifestation • Select a work • Select an expression • Select a manifestation • Obtain a manifestation

18. Examples • w1 Charles Dickens' A Christmas carol • e1 the author's original English text • e2 a Tamil translation by V. A. Venkatachari • w1 J. S. Bach's Goldberg variations • e1 performances by Glen Gould recorded in 1981 • m1 recording released on 33 1/3 rpm sound disc in 1982 by CBS Records • m2 recording re-released on compact disc in 1993 by Sony