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Rape

Rape. © 2009, John B. Pryor, Ph.D. Illinois State University. Rape Poem by Marge Piercy. There is no difference between being raped and being pushed down a flight of stairs except that the wounds inside also bleed.

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Rape

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  1. Rape © 2009, John B. Pryor, Ph.D. Illinois State University

  2. Rape Poem by Marge Piercy There is no difference between being raped and being pushed down a flight of stairs except that the wounds inside also bleed. There is no difference between being raped and being run over by a truck except that afterward men ask if you enjoyed it. There is no difference between being raped and going head first through a windshield except that afterward you are afraid not of cars, but half the human race.

  3. Brownmiller’s typical definition ...The perpetration of an act of sexual intercourse with a female, not one’s wife, against her will and consent, whether her will is overcome by force or fear resulting from the threat of force, or by drugs or intoxicants, or when because of mental deficiency, she is incapable of rational judgment, or when she is below an arbitrary age of consent.

  4. Criminal Sexual Assault in Illinois • The accused commits criminal sexual assault if he or she: • (1) commits an act of sexual penetration by the useof force or threat of force; or • (2) commits an act of sexual penetration and theaccused knew that the victim was unable to understand the nature of the act or was unable to give knowing consent; or • (3) commits an act of sexual penetration with a victim who was under 18 years of age when the act was committed and the accused was a family member; or • (4) commits an act of sexual penetration with avictim who was at least 13 years of age but under 18 years of age when the act was committed and the accused was 17 years of age or over and held a position of trust, authority or supervision in relation to the victim. Source: Illinois Criminal Code

  5. FBI Uniform Crime Report • Began in 1929 • Now covers jurisdictions • 96% of US population • Publishes “crime index” • of violent crimes, • crimes against property, • and total offenses

  6. FBI Uniform Crime Report Forcible rape—The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Rapes by force and attempts or assaults to rape regardless of the age of the victim are included. Statutory offenses (no force used—victim under age of consent) are excluded.

  7. FBI Uniform Crime Report • 90,426 forcible rapes reported to law enforcement during 2007 • The rate of forcible rapes in 2007 was estimated at 59.1 offenses per 100,000 female inhabitants • This represents a 2.5% decrease from 2006 • Lowest prevalence since 1986 was in 1999. • victims always female (by FBI definition) • approximately One Forcible RapeEvery 5.8 minutes

  8. How often do the police make arrests for rape?

  9. FBI Uniform Crime Report Arrests from 2002 data Arrests for forcible rape in 2002 were estimated at 28,288. During 2002, 16.7 percent of all forcible rape arrests were of persons under the age of 18 and 46.1 percent were of persons under the age of 25. Adults (over the age of 18) made up 83.3 percent of arrests. By race, 63.4 percent of arrestees for this offense were white, 34.0 percent were black, and the remainder were of other races. Regarding juvenile forcible rape arrests, 62.0 percent of the juvenile arrestees were white, 36.0 percent were black, and the remainder were of other races.

  10. FBI Statistics involve women who report rapes to the police. How often is rape unreported?

  11. Williams (1984) - Who reports rape? • sample - 246 victims from rape support organizations • 59% had reported to police • variables related to reporting rape 1) relationship of victim to offender - more when stranger 2) how the rapist came in contact with the victim - less in social situation 3) threat of force 4) use of force 5) degree of injury 6) whether the victim received medical treatment • report is more likely if the incident fits the stereotype of the classic rape situation

  12. Surveys often show many more rape victims than police reports.

  13. The National Crime Victimization Survey. • Ongoing since 1972, this survey of households interviews about 80,000 persons age 12 and older in 43,000 households twice each year about their victimizations from crime. • In 2003, this survey found 223,290 instance of forcible rape. • Only 39% were reported to law enforcement.

  14. Rape on College Campuses • National sample of 4,446 women who were attending a 2- or 4-year college • 2.8% experienced rape or attempted rape • Estimated 350 women sexually victimized each year in colleges of 10,000 students • Most are not reported - less than half of those raped defined the behavior as “rape” Source Fisher, Cullen, & Turner (2000)

  15. Women tend to know their rapists.

  16. STATISTICS ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENSOURCE: KOSS, WOODRUFF, & KOSS -- A CRIMINOLOGICAL STUDY AUGUST 1990 • More than half of college rape victims are attacked by dates. • More than 4 out of 5 rape victims know their attackers. • 1 in 15 rape victims contracts a sexually transmitted disease as a result of being raped. • 1 in 15 rape victims becomes pregnant as a result of being raped.

  17. WHY DO MEN RAPE WOMEN? The Psychopathological Perspective The Feminist Perspective The Social Dynamics of Date Rape

  18. The Psychopathological Perspective • Assumes rapists are psychologically disturbed • Cohen’s Typology of Rapists • Aggressive Aim • Sexual Aim • Sex-Agressive Aim • Impulse Rapists

  19. Problems with the psychopathological perspective • Psycholopathological Profiles are based upon convicted rapists • A great many rapes are not reported to the police • Less than half of all police reports result in arrests • Many of those arrested plea bargain for lessor offences

  20. The Feminist Perspective • Assumes that cultural forces promote rape--misogynous forces, trad. sex roles... • Do we live in a “rape culture”? • Is rape a common experience for women in our culture? • Is a proclivity for rape common in our culture?

  21. Malamuth’s LR Scale • How likely is it that you would rape someone if you thought you could get a way with it? 1 2 3 4 5 Not at Very all likely likely

  22. Malamuth - 3 ways in which men who score high in the Likelihood to Rape Scale resemble actual rapists • Both tend to endorse rape myths • Both tend to be sexually aroused by rape depictions • Both are willing to physically aggress against women

  23. Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Endorsement of Sex Role Stereotypes Rape Myth Acceptance Likelihood of Rape

  24. Malamuth's Study of Men's Reactions to Rape Depictions 8 High LR 6 Low LR Sexual Arousal 4 2 0 Mutually Consenting Sex Rape Victim Abhorance Rape Victim Arousal Film Types

  25. Are some cultures more rape prone than others?

  26. If there are rape prone cultures, are there also rape prone subcultures?

  27. FBI Campus Watch Report • Between 1984 and 1993, 93% of university-related rapes were committed by members of fraternities.

  28. Where do rapes occur? • In the FBI Campus Watch Study, more alleged rapes occured within the property lines of fraternity and sorority houses than in any other specific geographic area in the US (excluding military bases and prisons).

  29. Fraternities & Rape at UIUC O'Shaugnessy (1990) Fraternity members represented approximately 25% of the undergraduate men enrolled at the UIUC during the spring semester of 1989. However, of the 54 sexual assaults committed by men who were reported to be UIUC students, 34 (63%) were committed by members of fraternities.

  30. Fraternities & Rape at UIUC O'Shaugnessy (1990) Of the 56 sexual abuse cases involving men who were UIUC students, 40 (71%) involved fraternity members. Additionally, it is noted that three women reported having been sexually assaulted by more than one man during a single incident and that all of these incidents involved fraternity members.

  31. Correlates of sexual aggression Canadian study of 86 college men Self-reported sexual aggression toward women was predicted by: Having engaged in acts of physical aggression Sex role stereotyping Fraternity involvement Source: Lackie & de Man (1997), Sex Roles

  32. Rape-supportive beliefs • 477 male university students were surveyed on a large southeastern university campus • Fraternity men reported significantly greater agreement with five statements supportive of rape and adversarial gender beliefs than did controls. • Athletes reported significantly greater agreement with 14 rape-supportive statements than did controls. Source: Boeringer (1999)

  33. Fraternity Men have been found to be more likely to endorse the use of force to get sex (Drapeau, 2003; study at Boston College) Average Endorsement Ratings Example Item

  34. Gang Rape One review of 24 alleged gang rapes found that in 22 of the 24 documented cases, the perpetrators were members of fraternities or intercollegiate athletics teams. O’Sullivan CS. Acquaintance Gang Rape on Campus. In: Parrot A, Bechhofer L (eds.). Acquaintance Rape: The Hidden Crime. New York: Wiley, 1991: chap. 10.

  35. Not all fraternities are alike • Fraternities vary with regard to their • Hostility toward women • Peer support for sexual aggression • Level of sexual aggression

  36. Rape Culture at Sororities Kalof (1994)- random sample of 349 women at SUNY Plattsburg • sorority women more likely to accept rape myths & interpersonal violence • sorority women were more likely to have been physically forced or threaten with force to have sexual intercourse • sorority women were more likely to have had nonconsensual sexual intercourse while under the influence of alcohol or drugs

  37. The Role of Peer Influence in Rape Myth Acceptance Among Sorority Womenat Illinois State University<<•>> JOY EWOLDSEN and JOHN B. PRYOR

  38. The Sample • 75 women • 5 different sororities • 13-18 in each sorority • 15 freshmen, 20 sophomores, 26 juniors, & 14 seniors © John B. Pryor, 1996

  39. The Measures • Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA) (Burt, 1980) • Modern Sexism (MS) (Swim, et al., 1995) • Feelings of Group Cohesion • average RMA of other sorority members • average MS of other sorority members © John B. Pryor, 1996

  40. Step 1 • Modern Sexism • Group RMA • Group MS R=.78 Rape Myth Acceptance Step 2 • Cohesion X • Group RMA • Cohesion X • Group MS R=.82 © John B. Pryor, 1996

  41. Two Possible Explanations • Self Selection • Social Influence © John B. Pryor, 1996

  42. Step 1 Freshmen & Sophomores • Modern Sexism • Group RMA • Group MS R=.62 Rape Myth Acceptance Step 2 • Cohesion X • Group RMA • Cohesion X • Group MS Not Significant © John B. Pryor, 1996

  43. Step 1 Juniors & Seniors • Modern Sexism • Group RMA • Group MS R=.84 Rape Myth Acceptance Step 2 • Cohesion X • Group RMA • Cohesion X • Group MS R=.87 © John B. Pryor, 1996

  44. Conclusions • Women who felt stronger bonds to their sorority sisters were more likely to conform to the group’s prevailing views about rape myths. • Those in sororities where beliefs in rape myths were prevalent came to endorse rape myths over time. • Those in sororities where doubts about rape myths were prevalent came to doubt rape myths over time.

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