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The Age of Napoleon

Chapter 18.3. The Age of Napoleon. Essential Question. Discuss how and why nationalism spread as a result of the French Revolution. The Rise of Napoleon. 1799 – 1815 “I am the revolution.” Brings the French Revolution to an end Yet at same time, product of the revolution.

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The Age of Napoleon

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  1. Chapter 18.3 The Age of Napoleon

  2. Essential Question • Discuss how and why nationalism spread as a result of the French Revolution.

  3. The Rise of Napoleon • 1799 – 1815 • “I am the revolution.” • Brings the French Revolution to an end • Yet at same time, product of the revolution

  4. History of Napoleon • Educated in French military schools • Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785 • In 1792, becomes a captain • In 1794, becomes brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety • Napoleon wins several campaigns for France throughout Italy

  5. Napoleon • Wins confidence of his men with energy, charm, and ability to make quick decisions • Keen intelligence, ease with words, enabled him to influence people and win their support • 1797 – returns to France as a conquering hero

  6. Coup d’ etat • (KOO day-TAH) – sudden overthrow of the government is led by a successful and popular general Napoleon Bonaparte • Directory is toppled and Napoleon seizes power • New government – the consulate – was proclaimed • Napoleon becomes first consul – controls entire government

  7. Consul and Emperor • 1802, Napoleon becomes consul for life • 1804, crowns himself Emperor Napoleon I

  8. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies • Republican liberty was destroyed by Napoleon’s takeover of power • Napoleon sought to make peace with the Catholic Church by restoring church to bring stability • 1801 – made agreement with Pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of majority • Pope, in return, did not ask for lands back that the government had earlier taken

  9. Napoleonic Code • 7 codes of Law • Most important code called the Civil Code or Napoleonic Code • Recognized the equality of all citizens before the law • The right of an individual to choose a profession • Religious toleration • Abolition of serfdom and feudalism • Undid rights to divorce easily • Undid rights of daughters to inherit property

  10. A New Bureaucracy • Napoleon developed a powerful, centralized administrative machine • Promotion was based on ability, not rank or nobility as before • A new aristocracy was based on merit in the state service – not bloodline • Shut down 60 of 73 newspapers

  11. Napoleon’s Empire • From 1807 – 1812, Napoleon was master of most of Europe • Empire had three major parts • The French Empire • Dependent states (Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss Republic, other German states) • Allied states (those defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain. These included Prussia, Austria, Russia and Sweden.)

  12. Napoleon’s Empire. By 1812, Napoleon directly ruled or controlled most of Europe

  13. Britain’s Survival • As long as Great Britain had a strong navy, it was almost invulnerable to military attack • Napoleon could not stop Britain from trading with other countries

  14. Nationalism • Nationalism- the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols • Nationalism was another factor in the defeat of Napoleon • The defeat of countries brought on their feelings of nationalism. • Two ways: • French hated as oppressors by those they defeated • French mirrored nationalism and what a nation in arms could do

  15. The Fall of Napoleon • Russians refused to remain in the Continental System • Left Napoleon no choice but to invade Russia • June 1812 – Grand army of 600,000 men enter Russia • Russia’s army retreats for miles and miles pulling Napoleon’s army farther in to Russia • Russia’s army burns their own villages to keep Napoleon from finding food

  16. The Fall of Napoleon, cont. • Battle of Borodino – Napoleon wins with a costly and indecisive victory • Grand Army arrives in Moscow finding city ablaze • Napoleon abandons Moscow and starts the “Great Retreat” • Terrible winter conditions • Less than 40,000 arrive back in Poland in 1813.

  17. Napoleon Defeated The Crossing of the Beresina By January Suchodolsky shows Napoleon’s grand army in full retreat from Russia.

  18. Military Disaster • Other European states rise up and attack the crippled French army • Paris is captured in March 1814 • Napoleon is sent to exile on the island of Elba. • Bourbon monarchy restored to France • Louis XVIII becomes King

  19. Final Defeat • Napoleon grows bored on island • King has little support • Slips back into France • Troops shout “Vive l’Empereur!” (Long live the emperor!) • Napoleon makes triumphal entry into Paris on March 20, 1815. • Napoleon raises army to attack nearest forces in Belgium.

  20. Battle of Waterloo • June 18, 1815 • Napoleon meets a combined British and Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington and suffers a bloody defeat. • Napoleon gets exiled to St. Helena Island off of Africa.

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