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The influence of mating systems on morphological and physiological divergence in bats (Chiroptera)

The influence of mating systems on morphological and physiological divergence in bats (Chiroptera). Karen Acree, Jacqueline Ho, Harald Parzer, Mayté Ruiz. Evolution and Constraints. Why are some traits stable and others not?

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The influence of mating systems on morphological and physiological divergence in bats (Chiroptera)

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  1. The influence of mating systems on morphological and physiological divergence in bats (Chiroptera) Karen Acree, Jacqueline Ho, Harald Parzer, Mayté Ruiz

  2. Evolution and Constraints Why are some traits stable and others not? Constraints – phenotypic space (directions in which evolution could lead) is diminished Inheritance Selection Development (e.g. due to pleiotropic effects) Design limits (Arnold, 1992)

  3. Evolution and Constraints • By imposing or relaxing a constraint evolution could go into different directions

  4. Evolution of Mating Systems • Explained by the interface of sexual selection and ecological factors • Reproductive success of ♂ is limited by the amount of ♀ ♂ should monopolize as many ♀ as possible • ♀ distribution depends on the distribution of key resources: scarce and not clumped or scarce and clumped Scarce and clumped: polygamy Scarce and not clumped: monogamy (Emlen and Oring, 1977)

  5. Evolution in Mating Systems • Mating system could relax or impose a constraint: e.g. in polygamous species there is sexual dimorphism (overrides natural selection) bigger testes, smaller brain polygamy

  6. Chiroptera (bats) • High species diversity • Phylogeny well studied • Diverse mating systems • Adaptive radiation in feeding habits http://www.nationaltrust.org.ky/info/bats.html

  7. Larger brains ? ? Mating system Diet (♀) Monogamy Fruit-eaters Pitnick et al 2006, Jones and MacLarnon 2004, Eisenberg and Wilson 1978

  8. (1) Does diet in bats relate to their mating system?

  9. Method: COMPARE Collect information on the mating system and eating habits of several hundred species of chiroptera - literature search -standardized questionnaire to active field workers Analyze data using the COMPARE software program Martins 2004

  10. Diet and Morphology Insectivore Frugivore www.skullsunlimited.com

  11. Mating System and Physiology Testing the effect of mating systems on basal stress levels and immune function 10 species were chosen: 5 monogamous 5 polygamous (Leks, mating aggregations/swarming)

  12. Lavia frons (Megadermitidae):African Yellow-winged bat Cardioderma cor(Megadermitidae): Heart-nosed bat/ African false vampire bat Saccopteryx leptura (Eballonuridae): lesser sac-winged bat Hipposideros beatus (Rhinolophidae): Benito roundleaf bat Rhinolophus sedulous (Rhinolophidae): lesser woolly horseshoe bat Hypsignathus monstrosus (Pteropodidae): African hammerhead bat Myotis sodalis (Vespertilionidae): Indiana Bat Myotis daubentoni (Vespertilionidae): water bat/ Daubenton’s bat Miniopterus schreibersii (Vespertilionidae): Schreibers's long-fingered bat Balantiopteryx plicata (Emballonuridae): gray sac-winged bat http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu www.cbmall-gateway.com/bats/heartnosed_bat.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu http://filin.vn.ua/image/bat/s.leptura.jpg http://www.worlddeer.org/britishbats/daubentons.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu www.ecologyasia.com/images-k-z/lesser-woolly-horseshoe_00821.jpg http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Monogamous vs. Polygamous

  13. (2) Do mating systems affect basal stress levels?

  14. CRH and AVP ACTH Cortisol Cortisol Stress + Hypothalamus (PVN) - Hippocampus + Anterior pituitary - - + Adrenal gland - Immune Cells Raison & Miller (2003)

  15. Take blood samples and perform enzyme immunoassays (EIA) Monogamous ♂♀ Polygamous ♂♀ Non-breeding season [CORT ] [CORT ] [CORT ] [CORT ] Breeding season Determine ∆ [CORT] (from non-breeding to breeding seasons)

  16. (3) Do differences in mating system affect immune responses?

  17. Monogamy and immune function • Multiple matings may incur a cost to females • If diet is in fact correlated with mating system, fruit may have a positive association with immunity Elucidate causes by testing both reproductive and non-reproductive females. http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/enlarged.asp?imageID=18884 Martin et al 2004, Lampe 1999, Nantz et al 2006

  18. Method: Measure cell-mediated immunity • Delayed-type hypersensitivity • Inject with phytohaemagglutinin • prime • Measure swelling http://www.nature-shetland.co.uk/naturelatest/pics/nat%20the%20bat.jpg

  19. Concluding remarks COMPARE will show if a relationship exists between mating system and feeding habits, which may then lead to morphological differences. Stress and immune measures will demonstrate whether mating systems induce physiological changes. Thus, new phenotypic traits can emerge when the constraint of polygamy is lifted. These new traits need not directly relate to monogamy. This allows us to elucidate whether mating system constraints directionally influence morphological and physiological change.

  20. Questions?

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