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Genetic Translation: Process, Code, and Synthesis Steps

This chapter delves into genetic translation, covering the process, genetic code, and synthesis steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains the role of aminoacyl-tRNAs, posttranslational protein modification, and protein degradation mechanisms. Key topics include translation initiation, elongation, termination, and the stages in eukaryotic translation. Various figures and tables illustrate concepts like "Wobble" base pairing, initiation complex formation, and peptide bond formation. Additionally, examples of posttranslational protein modifications and the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway are highlighted. Dive into the molecular intricacies of translating the genetic message and protein biosynthesis in this comprehensive chapter.

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Genetic Translation: Process, Code, and Synthesis Steps

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  1. Fig. 12-CO, p.301

  2. Learning Objectives • 1. What Is the Overall Process of Translating the • Genetic Message? • 2. What Is the Genetic Code? • 3. What Is the Role of Aminoacyl-tRNASynthetases in • Amino Acid Activation • 4. How Does Translation Take Place in Prokaryotes? • 5. How Does Translation Take Place in Eukaryotes? • 6. How Does Posttranslational Modification of Proteins • Take Place? • 7. How Are Proteins Degraded?

  3. The steps in protein biosynthesis Fig. 12-1, p.302

  4. Fig. 12-2, p.302

  5. Table 12-1, p.303

  6. Table 12-2, p.304

  7. “Wobble” base pairing Fig. 12-4, p.305

  8. Various base-pairing alternatives Fig. 12-5, p.306

  9. Fig. 12-6, p.308

  10. The Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reaction Fig. 12-6a, p.308

  11. Fig. 12-6b, p.308

  12. The tRNA tertiary structure Fig. 12-7, p.309

  13. Fig. 12-8, p.310

  14. Fig. 12-9, p.310

  15. The formation of the initiation complex Fig. 12-10, p.312

  16. Various Shine-Dalgarno sequences recognized by E-Coli ribosomes Fig. 12-11, p.312

  17. Summary of the steps in Chain elongation Fig. 12-12, p.313

  18. Peptide bond formation in protein synthesis Fig. 12-13, p.314

  19. Comparison of the structures of puromycin and the 3’ end of an aminoacyl-tRNA Formation of a peptide bond between a peptidyl-tRNA bound at the P site of a ribosome and an aminoacyl-tRNA bound at the A site Fig. 12-14, p.315

  20. The events in peptide chain termination Fig. 12-15, p.316

  21. Table 12-3, p.317

  22. The 21st Amino Acid p.317

  23. Simultaneous protein synthesis on polysomes Fig. 12-17, p.319

  24. The characteristic structure of eukaryotic mRNA Fig. 12-19, p.320

  25. Table 12-4, p.321

  26. The three stages in the initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells Fig. 12-20, p.322

  27. mRNA looping in eukaryotic translation initiation Fig. 12-21, p.322

  28. Some examples of posttranslational modification of proteins Fig. 12-22, p.323

  29. Diagram of the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway E1= ubiquitin activating enzyme E2 = ubiquitin-carrier protein E3 = ubiquitin-protein ligase Fig. 12-23, p.325

  30. Degradation of proteins with acidic N-terminal Fig. 12-24, p.326

  31. How do we adapt to high altitude p.327

  32. END Chapter 12

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