The New Māori and Māori Health

1. The New Māori and Māori Health Professor Chris Cunningham Research Centre for Māori Health & Development Massey University @ Wellington

2. Overview • Defining Māori is a non-trivial exercise • Hauora, health, cultural identity – “M-factor” • The “New Māori” framework

3. Defining Māori • Race/ethnicity • I define you • You define you • Treaty relationship • Descent from a signatory • Cultural • Look, think and operate as Māori

4. Standards for Ethnicity

5. He Kainga Oranga • Māori respondents • Same questionnaire schedule • Same interviewers • Same environment • 18% ethnic migration

6. Treaty of Waitangi • “the only thing that matters is that the Treaty exists” • Relationship NOT partnership • Parties NOT partners • Descent

7. Ethnicity • Phenomenon of ethnicity • Categorisation for measurement purposes

8. ACCEPTABLE Male/female life expectancy Older/younger people outcomes UNACCEPTABLE Income Education Geography Identity Sexual Cultural Ethnic Inequalities

9. Te Hoe Nuku Roa – Best Outcomes • Established 1993 • Some 500 households, 1500 individual Māori • Survey at 3 yearly intervals • 80-90% retention rate

10. Te reo Māori Marae Whakapapa Political identity Māori ethnicity Cultural identity Iwi Whānau Value Participation Knowledge Expression Preference Knowledge/practice Knowledge/practice Contribution Māori identity indicators/qualities

11. Māori indicators and items • Te reo Māori “Te Reo Māori is an important language for me”

12. Māori indicators and items • Marae “I have a high level of comfort participating in activities at marae”

13. Māori indicators and items • Whakapapa “I can recite more than three generations of my Māori whakapapa”

14. Māori indicators and items • Political identity “The Māori electoral roll should continue as one way of recognising Māori rights” “Māori development should be parallel to the development of NZ generally”

15. Māori indicators and items • Māori ethnic identity “I prefer to identify only as Maori” “I prefer to include Māori as one of my ethnic groups”

16. Māori indicators and items • Culture “It is important for Māori children to feel confident about Māori culture” “Māori and Pakeha are very alike”

17. Māori indicators and items • Iwi “I responded positively to the Tuhono initiative” “I know my iwi but they don’t know me very well”

18. Māori indicators and items • Whānau “I interact with my whānau as frequently as possible” “I prefer to associate mostly with Māori people”

19. Item Response Theory • Can reduce these items from 8 to 2-4 • Can predict responses to other questions

20. Indigenous • “being born in a place” • older indigenous group versus younger indigenous group • Flora and fauna and people treated differently • Worldview

21. Indigenous Worldview • “All creation is spirit” • Western versus Eastern versus Indigenous • “Integral association with nature/land”

22. Hauora and health • MODELS • Whare Tapa Wha (M Durie) • Wheke (RR Pere) • Nga Pou Mana (RCSP) • Waiora (S Palmer) Health Hauora

23. Diverse Māori Realities

24. Tibble Continuum

25. The New Maori

26. Summary • Defining Māori is a non-trivial exercise • The Treaty exists / relationship / parties • Hauora is not the Māori word for health • Ethnicity is part of your identity – it is NOT your identity • Perfecting ethnicity question is a holy grail • Māori identity : continuous measurable trait • New Māori includes an increasingly pluralistic group