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Blood

Blood. Many Vital Functions. Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones Helps maintain stability of interstitial fluids Distributes heat Defense against infections – all white blood cells. Components of Blood. 45% RBC’s – the Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)

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Blood

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  1. Blood

  2. Many Vital Functions • Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones • Helps maintain stability of interstitial fluids • Distributes heat • Defense against infections – all white blood cells

  3. Components of Blood • 45% RBC’s – the Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) • 1% WBC’s and platelets 5 kinds of WBC’s (Leukocytes) neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils lymphocytes, monocytes • 55% plasma – a mixture of water, AA’s, proteins, carb’s, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste

  4. Origin of Blood Cells • All blood cells originate in bone marrow from hematopoietic stems cells (hemocytoblasts) • There is only about 1 in 10,000 of these stem cells in bone marrow

  5. Red Blood CellsAdults have 20-30 trillion (1/4 of human cells) • Erythrocytes • Biconcave discs, thin near center, thicker at edges • Increases surface area for gases to diffuse through • Volume is about 1/3 hemoglobin (270 million/RBC) • Oxyhemoglobin – O2 and hemoglobin – bright red • Lose nuclei as cell matures – more space for hemoglobin therefore THEY NEVER DIVIDE • Life span about 120 days – broken down in liver and spleen by phagocytes • Produce ATP through glycolysis  Why? • Red Blood Cell Count (RBCC) – increases with several days of strenuous exercise or increase in altitude • This increases the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbk1Kmki5sg

  6. Hemoglobin • Consists of 4 polypeptides • Each polypeptide has a heme group • 1 molecule of oxygen can bind to each heme

  7. Negative Feedback and Erythropoietin

  8. Diet and RBC Production • Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid – needed for growth and division of all cells • Iron required for Hemoglobin synthesis, some is lost each day and needs to be replaced • Anemia – a deficiency in RBC’s or reduction in amount of hemoglobin they contain

  9. White Blood Cells • Leukocytes • Protect against disease • 5 types circulate in the blood - Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Monocytes - Lymphocytes

  10. White Blood Cells

  11. Diapedesis

  12. Blood Groups • Karl Landsteiner 1900 determined blood types (Nobel prize for Medicine in 1930) 1910 determined ABO blood antigen gene Now known that >30 genes contribute to RBC surface features

  13. Agglutination : the clumping of RBC’s when testing blood compatibility • Reaction between blood cell surface molecules (antigens) and protein antibodies * Antibodies are “anti” because they are “against” specific antigens

  14. Blood Types • ABO Blood Groups

  15. Universal Donor: Blood Type O antigen: neither A or B antibodies: both anti-A and anti-B • Universal Recipient: Blood Type AB antigen: A and B antibody: neither anti-A nor anti-B

  16. Rh Blood Group • First studied in the rhesus monkey • In humans, several Rh antigens • Rh + surface antigens are present • Rh - surface antigens are NOT present • In the U.S. 15% of Caucasians Rh - 5% African Americans

  17. Erythroblastosis Fetalistransfusion with Rh – blood are given to fetus before birth and baby after birth to avoid possible brain damage or death

  18. The Platelet Plug

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