Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction 1865-1876

2. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

4. Presidential Reconstruction

5. President Lincoln’s Plan • The 10% Plan • Would pardon all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the electorate in 1860 had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

6. Lincoln Governments • In 1864, “Lincoln Governments”were formed in Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. They were “loyal assemblies,” but weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

7. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required 50% of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion. • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

8. PresidentLincoln Pocket Veto Wade-DavisBill

9. Freedmen’s Bureau • The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was established in 1865 to provide food and medical care, help with resettlement, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools. Northern abolitionists who came to help freedmen were called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

10. Freedmen’s Bureau School

11. Southern View of Freedmen’s Bureau Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

12. 13th Amendment • The 13th amendment, which prohibited slavery, was ratified in December, 1865. It stated: • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

13. President Andrew Johnson • Andrew Johnson was a Jacksonian Democrat, an anti-aristocrat, and a white supremacist. He agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

14. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty, upon simple oath, to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson). • New constitutions must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession. and state debts. • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

15. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. • Pardoned planter aristocrats and brought them back to political power to control state organizations. • Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South. Effects of President Johnson’s Plan

16. Growing Northern Alarm • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

17. Black Codes • Purpose: • To guarantee a labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • To restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

18. Congress Broke with Johnson • Congress barred Southern Congressional delegates and created a Joint Committee on Reconstruction • February, 1866  Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill • March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st time in U. S. history

19. Congressional Reconstruction

20. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens for the nation and no state could make or enforce any law that would abridge their rights of citizenship. • No state could deny any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. • No state could deny any person equal protection of the laws.

21. The Balance of Power in Congress

22. The Election of 1866 • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

23. Radical Plan for Readmission • Made civil authorities in the territories subject to military supervision. • Required new state constitutions to includeblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. • In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

24. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restarted Reconstruction in the ten southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divided the ten “unreconstructed states” into five military districts.

26. Command of the Army Act • The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. • Tenure of Office Act • The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • Constitutionality of this law was questionable. Edwin Stanton

27. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeachedhim on February 24th before even drawing upthe charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

28. The Senate Trial • The trial took eleven weeks • Johnson was acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 majority).

30. Black “Adjustment” to the South

31. Sharecropping

32. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System 50% 50%

33. Black & White Political Participation

34. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

35. Black Senate & House Delegates

36. 15th Amendment • The 15th amendment, which guaranteed the right to vote, was ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

37. Constitutional Guarantees Slavery 13THAmendment • In January of 1865, the 13th amendment to the Constitution officially abolished slavery in this country, while the 14th amendment, passed in 1866, set forth three principles: • All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens for the nation and no state could make or enforce any law that would abridge their rights of citizenship. • No state could deny any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. • No state could deny any person equal protection of the laws. • Finally, the 15th amendment, passed in 1869, outlawed the denial of voting rights due to race, color, or past servitude. • Citizen’s Rights • Due Process • Equal Protection 14THAmendment Voting Rights 15THAmendment

38. Disenfranchisement & Segregation Equality • However, Congress was unsuccessful in its attempt to build a new political order based on equality. In less than a decade, African Americans were effectively disfranchised and racial segregation was imposed on nearly every aspect of their lives. • Tired of struggling with the problems of reconstruction, the North accepted this new order in the South. • It wasn’t until the 1960s, almost 100 years after passage of the 13th, 14th, and 16th amendments, that issues of equality for all again gained a national focus. • What happened? Voting Racial Segregation

39. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

40. The End of Reconstruction

41. 1876 Presidential Tickets

42. 1876 Presidential Election Electoral Vote: 185/184 Popular Vote: 48%/51%

43. The Political Crisis of 1877 A disputed election: Who would be president? Republican Hayes or Democrat Tilden?

44. Republican Hayes Prevailed

45. The “Compromise” of 1877 WithdrawTroops MakeHayesPres. End Radical Reconstruction