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Medieval Western Europe

Medieval Western Europe. A Quest for Order. Periodization. Early Middle Ages : 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages : 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages : 1250 - 1500. Western Europe. In the “Middle Ages. The Medieval World—Conversion of Clovis links German barbarians with Christianity (496)

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Medieval Western Europe

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  1. Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order

  2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

  3. Western Europe. In the “Middle Ages • The Medieval World—Conversion of Clovis links German barbarians with Christianity (496) • Problem of Order after collapse of Rome • Competing interests: single empire—reconstitution of Rome; Christendom under papacy; unforeseen third option—Dynastic States.

  4. Europe in the 6c

  5. Souces of the Medieval World • Memory of the Old Roman Empire • Memory of Greco-Roman Civilization • Emergence of the Institutional Church • Germanic Culture Beginnings of Europe: St. Remi baptizes Clovis

  6. The Medieval Catholic Church • filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. • monasticism: • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • provided schools for the children of the upper class. • inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

  7. The Power of the Medieval Church • bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition • tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

  8. A Medieval Monk’s Day

  9. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

  10. Illuminated Manuscripts

  11. Under Church fathers, early heresy is overcome—nature of Jesus. Triumph of St. Augustine’s world view (354-430) Civitas Dei Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great (590-604) elevate position of papacy—new converts accept papal supremacy. Is Pope superior to Kings? Papacy

  12. Gelasian Theory Investiture Controvesy Innocent III (1198-1216) Gothic Architecture Scholasticism Papacy-2

  13. Romanesque Architectural Style • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

  14. Gothic Architectural Style • Replaced Romanesque • Pointed arches. • High, narrow vaults. • Thinner walls. • Flying buttresses. • Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. • Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

  15. Cathedral At Chartres— Romanesque And Gothic

  16. Cathedral at Rheims

  17. Corruption Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (1305-1377) Great Schism (1378-1415) Failure of Conciliar Movement (1422-1450) Success of Dynastic States So Why Doesn’t the Papacy Prevail

  18. Collapse of the Merovingian Dynasty—Les Rois Fainéants Coming of the Carolingians—Charles Martel; Donation of Pepin Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as H. R. E. Treaty of Verdun--843 A Quest for a New Rome

  19. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

  20. Charlemagne’s Empire

  21. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

  22. The Carolingian Renaissance

  23. Carolingian Miniscule

  24. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

  25. Decentralized governmental systems—local nobles defacto rulers--feudalism Reciprocity Localized economies tied to self sufficient manors--manorialism Fedualism-Manorialism: Response to Collapse of Carolingian Order

  26. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

  27. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

  28. Parts of a Medieval Castle

  29. The Medieval Manor

  30. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

  31. Feudal Socio/Political Order

  32. Success in Western Europe—forerunners of England, France, and Spain Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of more-or-less unitary states in the Italian Penensula and the Germanies until the 19th century. Emergence of Dynastic States

  33. Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

  34. Alfred the Great (871-899) • King of Wessex who wielded power over all of Heptarchy • Defeated Vikings (Danes) • Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm • Began the English Navy • Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure of stability)

  35. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

  36. William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)

  37. Introduced Norman Feudalism into England—emphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath) Domesday Survey Great Council created out of Witan Curia Regis established Much central authority compared to earlier governmental arrangements in England William I—King of England (1066-1087)

  38. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

  39. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law. • kings had to consult a council of advisors. • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

  40. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Both tool of nobles and tool of crown: • 1295—Model Parliament under Edward III (1272-1307)—included all classes of representatives—Nobles, plus Burgesses (towns) and Knights of the Shire (Counties). • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

  41. Long View—1399-1485 Contingency—might not have been necessary if Henry V had lived a long time. Contingency—Richard III’s image and usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian claim. Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Field, he and his descendants had to create mythologies and interests that supported a nascent nationalism. Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Civil War. Wars of the Roses

  42. Long View: Wars of the Roses

  43. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

  44. Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive title to Ile de France. Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian lands and crushed nobles who resisted. Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French King to be more powerful than any of his Vassals. Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to name a Frenchman Pope. Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalism—hatred of English and defeated Duke of Burgundy—master of “real politik” Dynastic State in France

  45. Crusades Rise of Towns and Cities Trade End of Scholastic Consensus Waning of the Middle Ages

  46. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

  47. Christian Crusades: East and West

  48. Medieval Universities

  49. Oxford University

  50. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

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