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Exam 1

X. V. Exam 2. X. Exam 1.

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Exam 1

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  1. X V

  2. Exam 2 X Exam 1

  3. Intersexual vs. intrasexual (epigamic) sexual selection Mating preferences in Drosophila and pigeons Certainty of Maternity, Uncertainty of Paternity“Battle of the sexes” Cuckoldry —> jealousy Desertion —> Mating Rituals, Complex Courtship Sex that invests most in most choosy about mates Natural selection produces a correlation between male genetic quality and female preference“Sexy son” phenomenon (females cannot afford to mate with males that are not attractive to other females

  4. Runaway Sexual Selection (Fisher) Handicap Hypothesis (Zahavi) Leks Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis Internal versus External Fertilization Alternative mating tactics Satellite males Ecological Sexual Dimorphisms Ratites (bushland tinamou) Bower birds Spiteful behavior

  5. Summary of Direct Pairwise Interactions Between Two Populations ________________________________________________________________________ Species Type of Interaction A B Nature of Interaction ________________________________________________________________________ Competition – – Each population inhibits the other Predation, parasitism, + – Population A, the predator, parasite, and Batesian mimicry or mimic, kills or exploits members of population B, the prey, host, or model Mutualism, + + Interaction is favorable to both (can Müllerian mimicry be obligatory or facultative) Commensalism + 0 Population A, the commensal, benefits whereas B, the host, is not affected Amensalism – 0 Population A is inhibited, but B is unaffected Neutralism 0 0 Neither party affects the other __________________________________________________________________

  6. Intraspecific competition (between individuals within spp.)Interspecific competition (between members of different spp.) Exploitation competition (resource depression)Interference competition (direct antagonistic encounters)

  7. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages

  8. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages bees —> clover

  9. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages bees ——> clover

  10. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages mice ——o bees ——> clover

  11. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages cats —o mice ——o bees ——> clover

  12. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages spinsters —> cats —o mice —o bees —> clover

  13. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages spinsters —> cats —o mice —o bees —> clover —> beef

  14. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages spinsters —> cats —o mice —o bees —> clover —> beef —> sailors

  15. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages spinsters —> cats —o mice —o bees —> clover —> beef —> sailors —> naval prowess

  16. Indirect Interactions Darwin — Lots of “Humblebees” around villages spinsters —> cats —o mice —o bees —> clover —> beef —> sailors —> naval prowess Path length of seven! Longer paths take longer (delay) Longer paths are also weaker, but there are more of them —————————————————>

  17. Indirect Interactions Trophic “Cascades” Top-down, Bottom-up

  18. Competitive Mutualism

  19. Complex Population Interactions Rob Colwell

  20. Mutualistic Interactions and Symbiotic RelationshipsMutualism (obligate and facultative) Termite endosymbionts Commensalisms (Cattle Egrets) Examples:Bullhorn Acacia ant colonies (Beltian bodies) Caterpillars “sing” to ants (protection) Ants tend aphids for their honeydew, termites cultivate fungi Bacteria and fungi in roots provide nutrients (carbon reward) Bioluminescence (bacteria) Endozoic algae (Hydra), “kidnapped” chloroplasts Endosymbiosis (Margulis) mitochondria & chloroplasts Birds on water buffalo backs, picking crocodile teeth Figs and fig wasps (pollinate, lay eggs, larvae develop)

  21. “Cleaner” fish — Saber toothed blenny

  22. Plant-pollinator, plant seed dispersal (flowers, fruit)Carbohydrate reward (nectar, fruit pulp)Pollinating “vectors” — high degree of plant-animal specificity assures that pollen will not be wasted.Costs versus benefits to both plant and pollinator.Must provide large enough reward to make it worthwhile for pollinator to visit flower, but small enough to assure that the pollinator will continue to look for another flower (in order to move pollen)

  23. Euglossine beesOrchid fragrances (epiphytes)Male bees use orchid chemicals as base for production of pheromones to attract female bees (travel up to 23 km) pollinate rare and diverse orchids, allowing sparsely distributed plants to occur at astonishing low densities Dan Janzen

  24. Heliconiustropical butterfliesget amino acids from pollen Larry Gilbert

  25. Various Aspects of the Association of Cattle Egrets with Cattle ________________________________________________________ Number of Number Percent Associated Egrets Category of Cattle Cattle Expected Observed ___________________________________________________________________ Grazing in sun 735 39.1 239 439 Grazing in shade 55 2.9 18 21 Standing in sun 146 7.8 48 46 Standing in shade 257 13.7 84 17 Lying in sun 503 26.8 164 69 Lying in shade 143 7.6 47 17 Walking 39 2.1 13 3 ______________________ Total 1878 100.0 612 ________________________________________________________

  26. Various Aspects of the Association of Cattle Egrets with Cattle ______________________________________________________________________ Number of Times Mean Count Was Higher Number Than for Opposite Number of Per Minute Egret Associated Egrets ______________________________________________________________________ Feedings, N = 84 Associated 2.34 58 69 Nonassociated 1.71 26 31 Steps, N = 62 Associated 20.1 7 11 Nonassociated 32.1 55 89 Feeding/step, N = 59 Associated 0.129 52 88 Nonassociated 0.051 7 12 __________________________________________________________ Harold Heatwole

  27. Interspecific Competition leads to Niche Diversification Two types of Interspecific Competition: Exploitation competition is indirect, occurs when a resource is in short supply by resource depression Interference competition is direct and occurs via antagonistic encounters such as interspecific territoriality or production of toxins

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