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Protection of CNS

Protection of CNS. 1. The Brain. 3 lbs About the size of two fists Wrinkled Not solid- kind of mushy to the touch Highly vasculated. The surface is made of ridges (gyri or 1 gyrus) and grooves (sulci or 1 sulcus) Deeper grooves called fissures exist. Blood supply & Nutrition.

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Protection of CNS

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  1. Protection of CNS 1

  2. The Brain • 3 lbs • About the size of two fists • Wrinkled • Not solid- kind of mushy to the touch • Highly vasculated

  3. The surface is made of ridges (gyri or 1 gyrus) and grooves (sulci or 1 sulcus) • Deeper grooves called fissures exist

  4. Blood supply & Nutrition • Brain is highly vascular • blood delivers O2 and glucose supply and carries away wastes • Brain cells have no capacity for anaerobic respiration. They cannot be O2 deprived • Brain cells die w/in 5-6 minutes 4

  5. Anatomy of the Brain 4 Major Regions of the Brain

  6. 1. Cerebrum or Cerebral Hemisphere 1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) • Paired superior parts of the brain • Largest part: includes more than half of the brain mass • Longitudinal fissure: separates the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum

  7. Corpus callosum • connects the two cerebral hemispheres • It is a nerve tract (bundle of nerves having the same origin and destination) • Necessary for communication between the two

  8. Specialized areas of the Cerebrum

  9. Cerebral Cortex: • outer layer of the ENTIRE cerebrum (grey matter/cell bodies) • Processing of information occurs here • Labeled A • There are also “islands” of grey matter known as basal nuclei *label B shows white matter/ neural axons- relaying of information occurs here

  10. 4 Lobes of the cerebrum (on each hemisphere) • Surface lobes of the cerebrum 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe Central sulcus Lateral sulcus

  11. Frontal Lobe Association cortex: involved in planning, reasoning, behaviors, concentration, ability to focus, emotional traits, judgment and inhibition Broca’s area: Involved in our ability to speak Motor: articulation Asymmetric (only on left hemisphere)

  12. Frontal Lobe (right side controls left side- vice versa) • Postcentralgyrus Primary somatic sensory area: receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors (pain, cold, etc) • Precentral gyrus Primary motor area • Sends impulses to consciously move skeletal muscles • Premotor area • Stores sequence activities

  13. Parietal Lobe Association cortex: receive and utilize information from the lower levels of the brain: temperature, taste, touch, and movement from the rest of the body – such as distance and position of objects

  14. Temporal Lobe Important for making new memories, and for short-term memory, including memories of taste, sound, sight, and touch Wernicke’s Area responsible for receiving auditory information and recognizing words; it is thus central to the process of learning and understanding language and putting language together.

  15. Occipital Lobe primary visual center of the brain, processes information from the eyes, and links that information with images stored in memory. In other words, this area helps you determine what you are looking at and the objects position.

  16. TheDiencephalon

  17. 2. Diencephalon • Sits on top of the brain stem • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres • Made of three parts (shown in yellow on brain model) A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus (posterior to optic chiasma) C. Epithalamus

  18. A. Thalamus The relay station for sensory impulses • Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cerebral cortex for localization and interpretation

  19. B. Hypothalamus • stimulates and controls structures such as the heart, most glands and smooth muscles • allows your systems to excite and relax, as needed. Examples: • Regulate body temperature • Controls water balance • Regulates metabolism • Drive/emotion, sex, appetite, thirst

  20. The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

  21. C. Epithalamus Location of pineal body primarily responsible for melatonin cycles Includes the choroid plexus bundle of capillaries that form cerebrospinal fluid

  22. The Brain Stem

  23. 3. Brain Stem • Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Medulla oblongata

  24. A. Midbrain Tracts of nerve fibers • Reflex centers for vision and hearing • Send messages to and from cerebrum • Connect the third and fourth ventricles- cerebral aquaduct

  25. B. Pons • The bulging center part of the brain stem • Mostly composed of fiber tracts • Controls breathing

  26. C. Medulla Oblongata • The lowest part of the brain stem • Merges into the spinal cord • Involuntary control center • Heart rate • Blood pressure regulation • Breathing rate • Swallowing/Gagging/Coughing • Vomiting

  27. The Cerebellum

  28. 4. Cerebellum • Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces (like the cerebrum) • Provides involuntary coordination of body movements (fine motor skills and smooth movements) • Balance/Coordination • Monitors body position

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