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CNS

CNS. Anatomy of the Brain. Support and Protection Meninges encase brain & SC Three layers: Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater Between layers: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; airbag for brain). CSF produced in choroid plexus Secreted and circulated by ependymal cells. Figure 8.37b. Ventricles.

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CNS

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  1. CNS Anatomy of the Brain

  2. Support and Protection • Meninges encase brain & SC • Three layers: • Dura mater • Arachnoid • Pia mater • Between layers: • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; airbag for brain)

  3. CSF produced in choroidplexus • Secreted and circulated by ependymalcells

  4. Figure 8.37b

  5. Ventricles

  6. Major Regions

  7. Major Features of Brain

  8. Brainstem • Cranial nerves 3-12 • Medulla oblongata • Pons • Mesencephalon • Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus

  9. Brainstem • Diencephalon: Thalamus (sensory info. filter) & hypothalamus (eating & drinking reflexes) • Mesencephalon: Visual and Auditory reflex centers (head-turning) • Pons: Relay station for sensory info. • Medullaoblongata: Regulate cardio, respiratory, digestive activities

  10. Medulla Oblongata • Regulatory Nuclei: • heart & respiratory rate, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swallowing, balance, coordination, digestion • Pyramids: • Descending motor nerves; conscious control of skeletal muscle

  11. Pons • Ascending & descending tracts • Relay nuclei: • Share info between cerebrum & cerebellum • Regulatory nuclei: • Chewing & salivation; respiration

  12. Midbrain • Superior colliculi • Visual reflex • Inferior colliculi • Auditory reflex & nerve tracts • Regulatory nuclei • Lens shape, pupil diameter • Substantia nigra • Regulates body movements

  13. Diencephalon • Thalamus • Ascending sensory neurons synapse here; project to cerebrum • Epithalamus • Emotional & visceral response to odors; pineal body regulates long-term cycles • Hypothalamus • Maintaining homeostasis via hormone release

  14. Diencephalon

  15. Cerebellum • Gray and white matter • Balance; maintains muscle tone; coordinates fine muscle movement • Comparator: integrates proposed movements with current body position to produce smooth, exact movement • Involved in learning new balance-intensive activities • Riding a bike, yoga, climbing

  16. Cerebellum Controls skeletal muscle contractions

  17. Movement & Body position

  18. Limbic System • Facilitates memory storage & retrieval • Establishes & drives emotional states • Links conscious with unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem

  19. Limbic System

  20. Cerebrum & its Regions • Complex info. Processing • Conscious thought • Reasoning • Memory creation & storage

  21. Cerebral Space

  22. Ascending somatosensory pathway • Crossover in MO, to opposite side of body • Synapse in thalamus • Projection to cerebral cortex

  23. Descending Motor pathway • Project from motor cortex • Crossover @ lower MO • Synapse in spinal cord • Project to effector

  24. Axons connect CNS - CNS and CNS -PNS Association, commissural, projection

  25. Axons connect CNS - CNS and CNS -PNS

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