Chapter 14 Lecture

1. Chapter 14 Lecture Income Taxes, Unusual Income Items, and Investments in Stocks P.H.

2. Corporate Income Taxes • Corporations are legal entities that must pay federal income taxes • depending on the state, they may also be required to pay state and local income taxes • Most corporations are required to make quarterly installments based on estimated taxes

3. Corporate Income Taxes • Because income taxes often represent a significant amount, they are normally reported on the income statement as a special deduction • earnings are reported before income taxes, income taxes are deducted, and earnings are restated after income taxes

4. Corporate Income TaxesPayment of Income Taxes

5. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes • Taxable income is determined according to the tax laws • Taxable income is often different from “income before income taxes” as reported on the Income Statement • There are several reasons for the differences, including using the straight-line method of depreciation for financial reporting purposes, and using MACRS (Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System) for tax purposes

6. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes • The difference between “income before income and taxes” as reported on the income statement (which is calculated based on GAAP) and taxable income (which is calculated according to tax laws), may need to be allocated between various financial statement periods.

7. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes • The total amount of taxes paid does not not change. Only the timing of the payment of taxes is affected. • This is because many managers use tax-planning strategies to delay (postpone, or defer) the payment of taxes to later years.

8. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes Illustrated • To illustrate, assume that a corporation reports $300,000 income before income taxes on its income statement. If the income tax rate is 40%, the income tax as reported on the income statement is $120,000 ($300,000 x .4).

9. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes Illustrated • The corporation uses tax planning strategies to lower their taxable income to $100,000 so that the amount of income taxes they will pay in the current period is $40,000 ($100,000 x .4). • The $80,000 difference ($120,000 - $40,000) is created by timing differences in recognizing revenue. This amount is deferred to future years.

10. Corporate Income TaxesAllocationof Income Taxes Illustrated • To match the current year’s expense ($120,000) against the current year’s revenue, income tax is allocated between periods as follows:

11. Unusual Items that Affect the Income Statement • Discontinued operations • Extraordinary items that result in a gain or loss • A change from one generally accepted accounting principle to another These items are all reported separately in the income statement.

12. Unusual Items that Affect the Income StatementDiscontinued Operations • When a business segment (a major line of business for the corporation) is disposed of (discontinued), the resulting gain or loss must be reported separately from income from continuing operations • A business segment could be a department, a division, or a class of customer

13. Unusual Items that Affect the Income StatementExtraordinary Items • Extraordinary items are events and transactions that: • are unusual for the corporation and • occur infrequently • Gains* and losses from extraordinary items must be reported separately on the income statement • Examples of extraordinary items include floods, earthquakes, and fires (unless these are normal for the area) both conditions must be true *It is possible to have a gain from an extraordinary item

14. Unusual Items that Affect the Income StatementChanges in Accounting Principles • A business may be required to change its accounting principles based on a new accounting standard issued by FASB • A business may voluntarily change from one generally accepted accounting principle to another: • from FIFO to LIFO • from the straight line method to the units of production method of depreciation

15. Unusual Items that Affect the Income StatementChanges in Accounting Principles • Changes in generally accepted accounting principles should be disclosed on the face of the financial statements or in the notes to the statements in the period in which they occur • The disclosure should include the following information: • the nature of the change • the justification for the change • the effect on the current year’s net income • the cumulativeeffect of the change on the net income of prior periods

16. Unusual Items that Affect the Income StatementChanges in Accounting Principles • Note that errors in calculating a prior period’s income due mistakesin applying accounting principles do not fall under the category of changes in accounting principles and arenot reported on the income statement as an unusual item. This type of error falls under the category of a prior period adjustment, and is reported in the retained earnings statement • “Changes in Accounting Principles” applies only to a change from one generally accepted accounting principle to anothergenerally accepted accounting principle

17. Unusual Items that Affect the Income Statement • Note the order of the three unusual items as they appear in the income statement for Jones Corporation in your text: • Discontinued Operations • Extraordinary Items • Changes in Accounting Principles first next last

18. Unusual Items that Affect the Income Statement • Why do you suppose these unusual items should be reported separately from continuing operations?

19. Unusual Items that Affect the Income Statement • Because it allows investors to make decisions about the corporation based on continuing (normal) operations, without consideration for activities that are unusual and therefore unlikely to re-occur

20. Earnings per Common Share • Net income is often used by investors to evaluate a company’s profitability. • However, net income by itself is difficult to use when comparing companies of different sizes, or when using trend analysis to compare this year’s results to prior years’ results for the same company when there have been significant changes in stockholders’ equity.

21. Earnings per Common Share • Thus, the profitability of companies is often expressed as earnings per share. • Earnings per common share (EPS) is the net income per share of common stock outstanding during a period.

22. Earnings per Common Share Net income Number of common shares outstanding* Net income – Preferred stock dividends Number of common shares outstanding *When the number of common shares outstanding has changed during a period, a weighted number of shares outstanding is used. EPS = or, if a company has preferred stock outstanding: EPS =

23. Earnings per Common Share • Corporations whose stock is traded on a public exchange must report earnings per share on their income statements. • When unusual items exist, earnings per share should be reported for those items separately. • However, only earnings per share for income from continuing operations is required to be reported on the face of the income statement. • The other per share amounts may be presented in the notes to the financial statements. • When corporations have complex capital structures with convertible preferred stock, options, warrants, etc., they are required to also report diluted earnings per share, which indicates the effect on earnings per share if such securities are converted to common shares.

24. Reporting Retained Earnings • Changes in retained earnings could be reported in any of the following ways: • in a separate retained earnings statement • in a combined income and retained earnings statement • in a statement of stockholders’ equity

25. Reporting Retained Earnings • When a separate retained earnings statement is prepared, the beginning balance in retained earnings is presented first. Next, if there are any “prior period adjustments” (material errors in a prior period’s net income that are not discovered until the current period), they are added or deducted from this beginning balance.

26. Reporting Retained Earnings • Net income is then added (or net loss deducted) • Dividends declared are deducted, and • The ending balance in retained earnings is reported. The retained earnings statement resembles the statement of owner’s equity from Accounting 1.

27. Comprehensive Income • In 1997, FASB issued an accounting standard requiring corporations to report comprehensive income. • Comprehensive income is defined as all changes to stockholders’ equity during a period except those resulting from dividends and stockholders’ investments.

28. Comprehensive Income • Under this standard, companies must report traditional net incomeplus or minus other comprehensive income items. • These items include foreign currency items, pension liability adjustments, and unrealized gains and losses on investments*. unrealized gains and losses on investments is covered under short-term investments in stock later in the chapter

29. Comprehensive Income • Companies must report comprehensive income • on the income statement or • in a separate statement of comprehensive income, or • in the statement of stockholders’ equity • Note that comprehensive income does not affect the determination of net income or retained earnings

30. Accounting for Investments in Stocks • Corporations may purchase the stock of other companies for a number of reasons: • to earn a return on excess cash • to develop or maintain a business relationship • to gain control of another company short-term long-term

31. Accounting for Investments in StocksShort-Term Investments • A business may invest excess cash in income-producing equity securities (stock) • These investments may be quickly sold and converted to cash as needed • These investments are recorded in a current asset account called Marketable Securities

32. Accounting for Investments in StocksShort-Term Investments: Journal Entries

33. Accounting for Investments in StocksShort-Term Investments • On the balance sheet, temporary investments are reported at their fair market value • Any difference between the fair market value and cost is an unrealized gain or loss* and must be added to or deducted from cost • The unrealized gain or loss must also be reported as other comprehensive income on the income statement *The gain or loss is unrealized because the securities must be sold in order for there to be a realized gain or loss.

34. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments • Long-term investments are not intended as a source of cash in the normal operations of the business • They are reported on the balance sheet under the caption “Investments,” which usually follows the Current Assets section

35. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments • There are two methods of accounting for long-term investments: • the cost method • used when the buyer (the investor) has less than 20% of the voting stock of the investee • the equity method • used when the buyer has 20% or more of the voting stock of the investee (a “significant influence” over the investee)

36. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Cost Method

37. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Cost Method • Note that the only difference in the journal entries between the cost method used for long-term investments in stock and the journal entries used for short-term investments in stock is the account debited for the purchase of the stock • The entry to record the receipt of dividends is the same

38. Accounting for Investments in StocksShort-term vs. Long-term (cost method): Purchase short-term long-term (cost method)

39. Accounting for Investments in StocksShort-term vs. Long-term (cost method): Receipt of Dividends short-term long-term (cost method)

40. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Equity Method • Under the equity method, a stock purchase is recorded in the same manner as it is under the cost method • The equity method differs from the cost method in the way in which net income and cash dividends of the investee are recorded

41. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Equity MethodPurchase

42. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Equity MethodInvestee (DEF Corp.) Reports Net Income* *This entry does not exist under the cost method of accounting for long-term investments in stock.

43. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Equity MethodInvestee (DEF Corp.) Pays Dividends *Under the cost method, the credit would be to Dividend Revenue.

44. Accounting for Investments in StocksLong-Term Investments: The Equity Method • Since the investor exerts a “significant influence” over the investee by owning 20% or more of the voting stock, the investor’s share of the periodic net income of the investee is recorded as an increase in the investment accountand as revenue for the period AND • The investor’s share of cash dividends from the investee is recorded as an increase in the cash account and a decrease in the investment account

45. Accounting for Investments in StocksSale of Investments • The accounting for the sale of stock is the same for both short-term and long-term investments • When shares of stock are sold, the investment account is credited for the carrying amount (book value) of the shares sold, the cash or receivables account is debited for the proceeds, and any difference between the proceeds and the carrying amount is recorded as a gain or loss on the sale

46. Accounting for Investments in StocksPurchase of InvestmentOn Feb. 27, Gourmet Corp. acquired 3,000 shares of the 50,000 shares (less than 20%) of Goulash Co. common stock at 58 plus a commission charge of $420.

47. Accounting for Investments in StocksReceipt of DividendsOn July 8, a cash dividend of $1 per share and a 2% stock dividend were received. No entry for stock dividends; carrying amount per share is now $57 ($174,240 / (3,000 shares + 60 shares from the stock dividend)

48. Accounting for Investments in StocksSale of InvestmentOn Dec. 7, 1,000 shares were sold at 62, less commission charges of $375. *1,000 shares x $57 carrying value per share

49. Business Combinations

50. Price-Earnings Ratio • The assessment of a firm’s growth potential and future earnings prospects is indicated by how much the market is willing to pay per dollar of a company’s earnings • A high P/E ratio indicates that the market expects high growth and earnings in the future