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Cells

http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gif. Cells. C. Miller Human Anatomy and Physiology John Milledge Academy. Introduction. 75 trillion cells in the body Vary in size, shape , content, and function

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Cells

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  1. http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gifhttp://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gif Cells C. Miller Human Anatomy and Physiology John Milledge Academy

  2. Introduction • 75 trillion cells in the body • Vary in size, shape, content, and function • Most common structures: nucleus and cytoplasm http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/pics/Theology_of_the_Body_Christopher_West_DaVinci.jpg

  3. I. The Cell Membrane • Function: maintains “wholeness”; controls entrance and exit of substances 1. Semipermeable or selectively permeable http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_membrane.gif

  4. I. Cell Membrane B. Structure 1. lipids and proteins 2. Phospholipid bilayer a. hydrophilic phosphate heads b. hydrophobic fatty acid tails 3. Has an oily characteristic a. lipid soluble molecules, but not water soluble can freely pass b. embedded cholesterol

  5. I. Cell Membrane B. Structure 4. Proteins a. fibrous b. carrier c.glycoproteins http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/membrane_1.png

  6. II. Cytoplasm • jelly-like fluid fills the cell • Site of metabolic activities http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/biology/student/glossary/img/cytoplasm.jpg http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/cytoplasm/jrcytoplasm.jpg

  7. III. OrganellesA. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • Structure: membrane-bound sacs/canals • Function: • Rough: ribosomes site of protein synthesis b. Smooth: lipid synthesis http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per2/2MS/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem3.jpg

  8. III. OrganellesB. RIBOSOMES • Structure: • May be attached or free floating particles • made of proteins and RNA • Function: protein synthesis http://iupucbio2.iupui.edu/anatomy/images/Chapt02/FG02_11.jpg http://www.rockefeller.edu/rucal/journey/ribosomes.gif

  9. III. OrganellesC. GOLGI APPARATUS http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per2/2JD/golgi.jpg • Structure: stack of flattened membranes • Function: package and refine proteins • Transport vesicles move refined proteins to other cell parts http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/golgiapparatusmicroscope.jpeg

  10. III. OrganellesD. MITOCHONDRIA • Structure: fluid-filled elongated sac • Double membrane - cristae: folded layer • Function: ENERGY!! http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/magazine03/mitochondria.jpg http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitmor4.jpg

  11. III. OrganellesE. LYSOSOMES • Structure: tiny membranous sac • Function: enzymes break down foreign molecules and wastes http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/350/350789.jpg http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per4/4BRL/lysosomes.jpg

  12. III. OrganellesF. CENTROSOME • Structure: near nucleus, 2 hollow cylinders form centrioles • Function: role in cellular reproduction http://www-ijpb.versailles.inra.fr/en/sgap/equipes/cyto/images/centrosome.jpg

  13. III. OrganellesG. VESICLES http://www-cse.stanford.edu/classes/sophomore-college/projects-01/cellular-automata/beginning/vesicles.jpg • Structure: membranous sac formed by cell membrane • Function: move materials throughout cell http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/284/284900.jpg

  14. III. OrganellesH. Other cellular structures • Cilia • Structure: short, hair-like projections w/ “to and fro” movements • Function: movement; Ex: epithelial cells http://www.uib.no/med/mic/gallery/pictures/SEM/SEM-large/ciliated-epithelium_870.jpg

  15. III. OrganellesH. Other cellular structures 2. Flagella • Structure: long, whiplike projection w/ wave-like movements • Function: movement; Ex: sperm cells http://images.livescience.com/images/050330_sperm_egg_01.jpg http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/400000/images/_404096_single_sperm300.jpg

  16. III. OrganellesH. Other cellular structures 3. Microfilaments • Structure: tiny protein rods • Function: cellular movement 4. Microtubules (spindle fibers) • Structure: thick tubes of protein • Function: maintain cell structure; strength to motile processes These make up the CYTOSKELETON!

  17. CYTOSKELETON

  18. http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/cell/nucleus.jpg IV. The Nucleus • Structure: large, spherical; w/in nuclear envelope • porous • Nucleolus: dense area of ribosome synthesis; ”little nucleus” • Chromatin→ Chromosomes http://blogofthe.s57.xrea.com/media/1/20040407-nucleus.jpg

  19. V. Cell Cycle A. Interphase • G1: Growth • S: Synthesis of DNA • G2: Growth and mitosis prep • M: Mitosis (nuclear division) • C: Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) http://www.isd2184.net/~jensenje/biology/BioReviewWeb/U2ReviewWeb/mitosisWeb/Images/Cellcyclediagram.jpg

  20. Prophase Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telephase V. Cell CycleB. MITOSIS http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/studentscience/gif/mitosis1.gif

  21. PROPHASE INTERPHASE METAPHASE MITOSIS ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

  22. V. Cell CycleC. CYTOKINESIS • Two identical daughter cells formed. http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/celldynamics/research/cytokinesis/images/SdTeloAT.jpg

  23. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpghttp://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg D. DIFFERENTIATION http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg

  24. V. Cellular MovementsA. PASSIVE TRANSPORT • No cellular energy (ATP) required. • Diffusion: molecules move from areas of high concentration to low (down the concentration gradient) • Equilibrium: solute evenly distributed w/in solvent • Ex: exchange of O2/CO2 in the lungs

  25. DIFFUSION http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/services/demos/demosi6/i6-23.gif

  26. V. Cellular MovementsA. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 2.Facilitated Diffusion: carrier protein moves a glucose molecule • Promoted by insulin http://www.biologia-it.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/graphics/CHANNEL.GIF

  27. V. Cellular MovementsA. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 3. Osmosis • Diffusion of water • Controlled by osmotic pressure • Three types of solutions

  28. (1) (3) (2) http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/tonicity1.jpeg

  29. V. Cellular MovementsA. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 4. Filtration • Hydrostatic pressure, like blood pressure, forces molecules through membrane • Separate solids from water

  30. V. Cellular MovementsB. ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Cellular energy (ATP) required. • Active Transport: molecules move from areas of low concentration to high (against the concentration gradient) • Provides ~ 40% of cells energy • Protein carrier molecules are used.

  31. ACTIVE TRANSPORT http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gif

  32. V. Cellular MovementsB. ACTIVE TRANSPORT 2. Endocytosis: entry of molecules too large to be moved by AT/PT. • Pinocytosis: membrane pinches inward to take in liquid • Phagocytosis: membrane pinches inward to take in solid 3. Exocytosis: outward bulge of membrane for large molecule exit

  33. Endocytosis vs. http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/exocyt.gif Exocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/images/pinocyt.gif

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