E- waste Management: from EPR theory to Collection & Treatment practice

1. E-waste Management: from EPR theoryto Collection & Treatment practice Federico Magalini – email: magalini [at] unu.edu

2. UNU - ISP • Focus on 3 themes: • Global Change & Sustainability • International Cooperation & Development • Peace-building &security • Mergeof UNU ESD (Environment & Sustainalbe Development) andand UNU Peace & Government Institute in 2009 • Locatedin Tokyo • UNU-ISP SCYCLE: 1st Operating Unit outside Japan Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste Combiningnatural sciences, social sciences and the humanities, thus following a trans-disciplinary research approach Hosting the Secretariat of the “Solving the E- waste Problem” Initiative

3. StEP Initiative • Functions as a network of actors who share experiences and best practices • Carries out research and development projects • Disseminatesexperiences, best practices and recommendations Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) Initiative was created to.. • Initiate and facilitate environmentally, economically & socially sound approaches to reduce e-waste flows and handle them in a sustainable way around the globe

4. StEP Members Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste 61 Members from: Companies (from different Industries, OEM, Recyclers,…) Governmental Organizations NGOs International Organizations Academic Institutions

5. StEP: 5 complementary TFs Projects √ White Paper Recast WEEE Directive √ White Paper ‘Take-Back Systems’ √ Research Study ‘Best e-waste policies’ @ Project ‘EEE and Climate Change’ @ Green Paper on E-waste Indicators @ White Paper on Transboundary Shipments √ 1st World ReUse Forum √ White Paper ‘One Global Understanding of Re-use’ √ Best practices in ReUse ? Recommendations for ReUse certification/guidelines √ Research study ‘ Recycling – From E-waste to Resources’ @ Project ‘Best of 2 Worlds’ @ Green Paper on End-of-Life Standards √DfR Case Studies Library √Research study ‘Wearable Computers’ √Closing the Loop ? Certification Technology for Recycling Plastic @ ADDRESS Project √2009-2011 StEPEwaste Summer School Series √E-waste Academy for Policymakers & SMEs ? Online Recycling Trainer Capacity Building • Completed ; @ working phase • $ acquisition phase ; ? idea phase Policy ReUse ReCycling ReDesign Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

6. EWA: Goals and Aims Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Offer a diverse, interdisciplinary curriculum • Complemented by expert lectures, groupwork, site visit(s) – guided by industry facilitators and rapporteurs • Apparatus for scientific feedback and constructive advice enabling a more holistic e-waste perspective • Establish platform for exchange of best practices • Snapshot into status of e-waste legislation development in participants‘ countries • Foster better-informed decision making • Paving the way for a sustaining network & continued interaction after the EWA!

7. EWA: Programme at glance Day1 Broader scenario of policy impacts on sustainability Stimulate discussion on how policy enables changes Snapshot into current policy situation in target region Mapping of stakeholders/roles and actual gaps Day2 • Classification of waste/fractions • Example of import bans and functionality tests for refurbishable products • Dismantling session: role of manual dismantling, classification of fractions/training & safety, basic tools • Basics for market for fractions & components Day3 • Complexity of recycling chain: steps, roles, waste streams & technologies • End-processing options & approaches for PWB & Plastics • Pre-Processor Panel: approaches in developing countries: collection, recycling technologies, training & safety, downstream markets, Start-up & Operations, Condition for Success Day4 • Role of notifications for regional approaches in waste management • Return shipments for un-wanted e-waste streams • Role of recycling standards • Effectiveness of policy and involvement of stakeholders Day5 • Presentation of Group-works outputs: Lessons learnt by individuals+ personal backgrounds and experiences, elaborated in each group will be shared across all Participants • Feedbacks from other Participants, Experts and Facilitators in the room Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

8. EWA: Group Work Activities Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste 4 Groups, 4-5 persons per group Mixtureof policymakers and SMEs Clustering persons from differentregions, context, backgrounds Dailyassigned taskscomprising the themes, activities and topics of the day Stimulate ongoing collaborationand networking Results-oriented!! Develop long-term roadmap to be implemented in participants‘ countries enhancing sustainable long-term solutions/approaches

9. ADDRESS Project: Size does matter! EEE Put on Market Million tons 1990 Total: 19.5 Mt 1990 26% 10% 5% 4% 30% Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

10. ADDRESS Project: Size does matter! EEE Put on Market Million tons 2000 Total: 34 Mt 1990 2000 26% 24% 10% 7% 5% 8% 4% 4% 30% 25% Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

11. ADDRESS Project: Size does matter! EEE Put on Market Million tons 2010 Total: 57.4 Mt 1990 2000 2010 26% 24% 19% 10% 7% 6% 5% 8% 15% 4% 4% 6% 30% 25% 20% Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

12. ADDRESS Project: Size does matter! EEE Put on Market Million tons 2015 Total: 76.1 Mt 1990 2000 2010 2015 26% 24% 19% 17% 10% 7% 6% 5% 5% 8% 15% 19% 4% 4% 6% 7% 30% 25% 20% 18% Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

13. ADDRESS Project: Changing Patterns = 63% = 39% Upcoming ?!?= 61% Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

14. OEM = Product Design + Manufacturing + EOL (EPR) SEPARATE COLLECTION COLLECTION TREATMENT RECYCLE REUSE System Design DISPOSAL Key issue: the EPR loop Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

15. Average CE products EPR and DfR: how to close the loop? Sometimes Trade-off: Hg: IN for energy savings OUT for EoL Source: Huisman Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Reasoning for EPR on EoL is (mainly) rewarding DfR. • Effectiveness of DfR over EoL hampered by: • Life cycle assessment

16. Eco-Design: how to play effective role? Hard to be rewarded simply by means of DfR benefits over time France: differentiated upfront tariffs for Producers Source: Huisman Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Improving EoL performances of Electronic product: • Decrease the “value” of materials in manufacturing stage • Minimize worst case scenario (landfilling & toxicity control) • Maximize environmental value of fractions recovered

17. Resource Perspective: Elements in Mobile Phone Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

18. Products (&Metals): for Sustainable Life or making Life Sustainable? Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste Printed Circuit Boards: PGM, Sb, Ta, La, Nd, Cu, Sn, Pb,… LED: Ga, In, REs Getters (lighting): W, Ta Fluorescent powders: REs (LA, Tb, Eu, Y, Ce) Flame Retardants: Sb Batteries (HEV, EEE): Co, REs (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) PV Modules: Ga, Te, Ge, In LCD screens: In

19. Global MaterialExtraction 1900-2005 Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

20. Escalators, Criticality… Ag: 250 mg Au: 24 mg Pd: 9 mg Cu: 9 g Co: 3.8 g Ag: 325 t Au: 31 t Pd: 12 t Cu: 12,000 t Co: 4,900 t Ag: 20,000 t/y (1.6%) Au: 2,500 t/y (1.2%) Pd: 230 t/y (5.2%) Cu: 16 Mt/y (0.1%) Co: 60,000 t/y (8.2%) 60 x gold mines X / 1.3B sales 2008 2008 World Mining Nd+Pr: 1 kg Dy: 0.15 kg La: 2.3 kg Nd+Pr: 404 t Dy: 60.6 t La: 929.7 t Nd+Pr: 25,200 t/y (1.6%) Dy: 2,000 t/y (6.5%) La: 33,000 t/y (2.9%) / X 0.4M sales 2009 2009 World Mining Rounded from: Hagelüken et. al, Hatch, US Geological Survey Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

21. …and Choices OR 1 Tesla • Economic • Environmental • Social PROPER e-Waste RECYCLING 6.831Notebook Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste Increasing demand Supply Chain restrictions

22. Policy Principles: Role Game Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

23. A proper Recycling Chain: ending up with End-Processing • Collection • Pre-Processing • End-Processing ONLY EFFICIENCY TROUGH ALL STEPS CAN ENSURE RECOVERY • Man./Aut. Disass. • De-pollution • Fractions Removal • Channel to End-Processing • Efficient recovery to raw materials • High-Tech • No informal recycling • Environmental Gain Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Separate collection • No MSW • No cherry picking • No wrong stream • Specific Targets

24. Stakeholders, Recycling Chain, Responsibilities and Policy Options Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

25. Focus on Policy Options: PRO vs CONS for Different Types of Schemes Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

26. Example of Italy: ClearinghouseRole & Responsibilities • 2009 Data on Export: • 2,500 t B2C exported (AT, DE) • 110,000 t B2B exported (China, Pakistan) • Minimum recycling Standards agreed with Recyclers Association • List Certified Recyclers (IT + EU) • Mandatory Pre-Processing by Schemes only in Certified Recyclers for B2C Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

27. Focus on Policy Options: PRO vs CONS for access to waste Municipal Collection Points Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

28. Example of Italy: promoting efficiency in Collection Points Use of goal-oriented financial incentives Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste • Starting (2009) with reward depending on: • Number of inhabitants (promote aggregation of collection points) • Minimum weight for pick-up requests (improve logistics efficiency) • Changed to (2010): • Tons collected (promote effectiveness of collection points) • Minimum weight for pick-up requests (improve logistics efficiency) • Now (2012) based on: • Access to collection points by retailers (promote retailer’s collection network) • Minimum weight for pick-up requests (improve logistics efficiency)

29. Focus on Policy Options: PRO vs CONS roleRetailers Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

30. EEE & WEEE Streams (IT): Formal vs Complementary 2011: formal System 35.8% of 65% PoM Target 31.1% of 85% WG Target RoleReuse Reporting Complementarystreams Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste

31. Is there a Solution? Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste Stakeholder engagement since early stage Adapt policy options to local context Learn from existing experiences ..and errors!!

32. Find out more… Toxics Link - International Workshop on Designing Take Back Systems for E-waste United Nations University: www.unu.edu UNU – ISP: www.isp.unu.edu StEPInitiative: www.step-initiative.org E-Waste Academy: www.ewasteacademy.org UNEP, Sustainable Innovation and Technology Transfer Industrial Sector Studies: Recycling from e-waste to Resources (2009) EPR/IPR: http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/business-sectors/docs/w/12-1007-waste-electrical-and-electronic-weee-regulations-individual-producer-ipr-responsibility.pdf WEEE Flows: Future Flows Report (NL, 2012), Household WEEE Generated (IT, 2012)