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CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION. DEFINITION. Cellular Respiration – Process of obtaining energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules (glucose), with the use of oxygen . EXTERNAL VS CELLULAR RESPIRATION. External Respiration – Organism takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

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  1. CELLULAR RESPIRATIONANDFERMENTATION

  2. DEFINITION Cellular Respiration – Process of obtaining energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules (glucose), with the use of oxygen.

  3. EXTERNAL VS CELLULAR RESPIRATION External Respiration – Organism takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide -- breathing

  4. EXTERNAL VS CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2) Cellular Respiration – Every cell in the organism breaks down food (glucose) with the use of oxygen. Glucose and Oxygen Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and Oxygen

  5. IMPORTANCE It’s how cells get energy from food.

  6. IMPORTANT TERMS Aerobic – with the use of oxygen

  7. IMPORTANT TERMS Anaerobic – without the use of oxygen (in the absence of oxygen)

  8. WHERE CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE 1) In the mitochondria of most organisms: animals, plants, single-celled organisms.

  9. NECESSARY THINGS 1) Glucose (other carbohydrates get digested into glucose first).

  10. NECESSARY THINGS 2) Oxygen

  11. WHAT IS PRODUCED 1) ATP – the energy produced is stored in this compound until needed

  12. WHAT IS PRODUCED 2) Carbon dioxide – given off O C O

  13. WHAT IS PRODUCED 3) Water – given off as water vapor

  14. SIMPLE EQUATION C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP (stored energy)

  15. MORE PRECISE EQUATION (Shows how the ATP is formed) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP + P → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

  16. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration takes place in 2 stages:

  17. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1) Glycolysis – The break down (lysis) of glucose molecules into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

  18. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Takes place in the cytoplasm of cells

  19. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Is anaerobic – oxygen is not needed

  20. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Produces 2 ATP molecules (stored energy) -- not very efficient in releasing energy from glucose

  21. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2) Aerobic Cellular Respiration -- Starts with pyruvic acid

  22. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Takes place in the mitochondria of cells

  23. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Formation of acetyl Co-A -- Pyruvic acid gives off carbon dioxide, combines with Coenzyme A, and becomes acetyl-CoA

  24. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Also NADH is made

  25. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION B) Citric Acid Cycle -- Also called the Krebs Cycle

  26. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Is aerobic – oxygen is needed

  27. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Is a cycle through which several reactions take place: -- Carbon dioxide is produced (and given off)

  28. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- NADH is made from NAD and H2 -- FADH2 is made from FAD and H2 -- 2 molecules of ATP are produced

  29. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION C) Electron Transport Chain -- Takes place in the inner system of membranes (cristae) in the mitochondria -- Similar to the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast

  30. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- NADH and FADH2 are called electron carriers (have energized electrons) -- They pass the energized electrons (H+ ions) from protein to protein

  31. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Finally, the H+ ions are passed to oxygen and water is made (and given off)

  32. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Energy is released along the way -- It’s used to add P to ADP to make ATP (stores the energy) -- Up to 34 molecules of ATP are produced (under ideal conditions)

  33. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY -- Linked set of chemical reactions – involve many steps

  34. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY Examples: A) Photosynthesis: Light-dependent reactions (Electron transport chain, splitting water), light-indepenent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  35. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY B) Cellular respiration – Glycolysis. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), Electron transport chain

  36. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION They are opposite reactions

  37. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION A) Photosynthesis – captures and stores light energy in form of glucose

  38. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Uses carbon dioxide and water

  39. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Gives off oxygen as a by product

  40. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2) Respiration – Release chemical energy from food (glucose) in form of ATP (stored energy)

  41. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Uses glucose and oxygen

  42. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION -- Gives off carbon dioxide and water

  43. FERMENTATION -- Alternate method to aerobic cellular respiration for releasing energy from food -- Is anaerobic – no oxygen is needed

  44. FERMENTATION -- Glycolysis takes place first – just as in cellular respiration -- Then fermentation occurs instead of aerobic cellular respiration

  45. FERMENTATION -- Is not very efficient at releasing energy -- Only 2 molecules of ATP (stored energy) are produced from a molecule of glucose

  46. FERMENTATION Two Types of Fermentation: 1) Alcoholic Fermentation – Done by yeasts (single-celled organisms)

  47. FERMENTATION Overall equation: Glucose → ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + ATP

  48. FERMENTATION B) Useful in the production of: -- Bread -- Use Baker’s Yeast -- Produce more carbon dioxide than alcohol

  49. FERMENTATION -- The carbon dioxide gas bubbles make the dough rise -- The alcohol evaporates during baking

  50. FERMENTATION -- Alcoholic Beverages (beer and wine) -- Use Brewer’s Yeast -- produces more alcohol

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