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Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Physiology of the Female Reproductive System. Liu Wei Department of Ob & Gy Ren Ji hospital. Physiological Stages. Neonatal period: birth---4 weeks Childhood: 4 weeks----12 years Puberty: 12 years---18 years Sexual maturation: 18 year---50 year

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Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

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  1. Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Liu Wei Department of Ob & Gy Ren Ji hospital

  2. Physiological Stages • Neonatal period: birth---4 weeks • Childhood: 4 weeks----12 years • Puberty: 12 years---18 years • Sexual maturation: 18 year---50 year • Perimenopause: decline of ovarian function (40 years)----1 year postmenopause • Postmenopause:

  3. Menstruation • Menstruation cyclic endometrium sheds and bleeds due to cyclic ovulation • Mense • Endometrium is sloughed (progesterone withdrawal) • Nonclotting menstrual blood mainly comes from artery (75%) • Interval: 24-35 days (28 days). duration: 2-6 days. the first day of menstrual bleeding is consideredy by day 1 • Shedding: 30-50 ml

  4. Central reproductive hormones • Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary(H-P-O axis)

  5. Central reproductive hormones • Neuroendocrine regulation • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH • chemical structure (pro)Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 • Synthesize and transport nerve cells hypothalamus portal vein pitutary anterior lobe

  6. Central reproductive hormones

  7. Central reproductive hormones • Regulation of GnRH Hypothalams GnRH Pituitary FSH, LH Ovary E,P

  8. Central reproductive hormones • Gonadotropins • Composition (glycoprotein) Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH Luteinizing hormone,LH • Synthesize and transport ovary Gonadotroph (pulse) Blood circulation

  9. Central reproductive hormones • Prolactin (PRL) Regulated by the prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF)

  10. The Ovarian cycle • Function of ovary • Reproduction development and maturation of follicle; ovulation • Endocrine estrogens, progesterone, testosterone

  11. The Ovarian cycle • Cyclic changes of ovary • The development and maturation of follicle • Primordial follicle: before meiosis • Preantral follicle: zona pellucida, granulosa cells (FSH receptor) • Antral follicle: granulosa cells (LH receptor), E↑ • Mature follicle: E↑,P↑ Theca externa, theca interna, granulosa, follicular antrum, mound, radiate coronal • Follicular phase: day 1 to follicle mature (14 days)

  12. The Ovarian cycle

  13. The Ovarian cycle • Ovulation • First meiosis completed → collagen decomposed → oocyte ovulated • Regulation • LH/FSH peak E2↑(mature follicle) → GnRH ↑ (hypothalamus) → LH/FSH peak (positive feedback) • P cooperation LH ↑ → P ↑(follicle luteinized before ovulation) →positive feedback

  14. The Ovarian cycle • Corpus luteum • follicle luteinized after ovulation: luteal cells • LH → VEGF → corpus hemorrhagicum • Regression non fertilized → corpus albicans • Luteal phase Ovulation to day 1

  15. The Ovarian cycle • sex hormones secreted by ovary • Composition Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone • Chemical structure Steroid hormone • Synthesis Cholesterol→pregnenolone→androstenedione→ testosterone→estradiol Δ5 or Δ4 pathway of estrogen production

  16. The Ovarian cycle • Metabolism: liver • Cyclic change of E and P in ovary • Estrogen • E↑(day 7) → E peak (pre-ovulate) → E↓ → E↑ (1 day after ovulate) →E peak (day 7-8) → E↓ • theca interna cells (LH receptor) → testosterone • Granulosa (FSH receptor) → estrogen

  17. The Ovarian cycle • Progesterone P↑ (after ovulation) → P peak (day 7-8) → P↓ granulosa LH progesterone

  18. Ovarian responses

  19. The Ovarian cycle • H-P-O axis • Positive feedback Sex hormones (E)↑ → GnRH or LH/FSH↑ E peak (≥200pg/ml) → LH/FSH peak → ovulation • Negative feedback Sex hormones (E)↑ → GnRH or LH/FSH↓ Follicular phase: E↑ → FSH↓ Luteal phase: E↑P↑ → LH/FSH↓(formation) E↓P↓→ LH/FSH↑(regression)

  20. The endometral cycle • Proliferative phase • E↑(mitogen)→ stroma thickens and glands become elongated → proliferative endometrium • Duration: 2 weeks • Thickness: 0.5mm → 5mm

  21. The endometral cycle • Secretory phase • P↑(differentiation) → secretory endometrium • Features stroma becomes loose and edematous blood vessels entering the endometrium become thickened and twisted glands become tortuous and contain secretory material within the lumina • Duration: 2 weeks • Thickness: 5-6mm

  22. Change of Other genital organs • Cervix endocervical glands (E↑)→ mucus(thin,clear, watery) → maximal (ovulation) endocervical glands (P↑)→ mucus(thick, opaque, tenacious) • Vagina Vaginal mucosa (E↑)→ thickening and secretory changes Vaginal mucosa (P↑) → secrete↓

  23. Physiological function of sex hormones • Estrogen

  24. END

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