Geography of the Colonies

1. Geography of the Colonies Chapter 5 Core Lesson 1 Pages 160-163 SS4G2c, SS4H3a

2. How it all began! • During the 1600s & 1700s, many English settlers moved to North America for many reasons: -a better chance to make a living -find freedoms they didn’t have at home LIKE RELIGION • These settlers established 13 colonies located along the Atlantic Ocean • The geography and climate of the 13 colonies separated them into three different regions

3. New England Colonies: 1. Connecticut 2. Massachusetts 3. New Hampshire 4. Rhode Island Middle Colonies: 5. Delaware 6. New Jersey 7. New York 8. Pennsylvania Southern Colonies: 9. Georgia 10. Maryland 11.North Carolina 12. South Carolina 13.Virginia 13 English Colonies There are 13 English Colonies in North America These 13 colonies formed THREE unique regions: 1. New England Colonies 2. Middle Colonies 3. Southern Colonies

4. Map of the Original 13 Colonies

5. New England Colonies Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island

6. New England Colony : Location and Climate Four States form the New England Colonies: • Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Geography -very rocky -soil was not rich with nutrients (mostly sand and rocks) -Climate was extreme– Summers were warm but winters were long and very cold -Grew wheat, oats, corn and peas -Natural resources: wood, fish, whales

7. A source of conflict • New England’s colonies were founded on lands where American Indians lived • Indians and colonists disagreed about who owned the land • American Indians believed: -the land was for everyone to use and that no one could truly own it -that when they sold land to colonists that they were only agreeing to share it • Colonists expected the Indians to move from the land once they sold it • The different views of ownership led to conflict

8. War breaks out! • In the 1630’s a war broke out between colonists and Pequot Indians • The fight over the land became know as the Pequot War • War ended when colonists killed most of the Pequot Indians • The remaining living Indians either fled or became enslaved • After the war, more colonists moved onto American Indian lands in New England • Metacomet, a leader of a Indian tribe known to the colonists as King Philip, wanted to avoid war but believed his people had to fight to stay on their lands • Attacked Massachusetts villages • Fighting spread across New England in battles known as King Philips War

9. Indians are defeated • Colonists had better weapons and more soldiers than Metacomet’s small army • Metacomet was defeated • Colonists killed and enslaved some of the defeated Indians • Forced remaining Indians to leave • Few American Indians remained in New England after the war

10. Peoples of the New England Colonies

11. New England Colonies : People • Most New Englanders were farmers, fishermen, merchants • Many were also Puritans: people who formed communities that followed the rules of the bible in order to serve their God • Religion shaped their government • Town’s leaders made laws controlling how people worshipped • On Sundays, town gathered at the meetinghouse for church • Meetinghouse – most important building in a Puritan community • Town people came once a month for a town meeting • Town meeting – gathering where colonists held elections and voted on laws for the town

12. Men and Boys of New England Men were considered landowners and were the only people who could vote. Many men were also farmers who: • took care of the family’s animals • spent most of their time working in the fields -Planted crops such as wheat and corn in the spring and harvested them in the fall -Only grew enough crops to feed their families • Because farming was difficult, men also had to: • Build and repair buildings and tools • Fish, whale, and build ships • Trade products of New England to Europe, Africa and the West Indies

13. Women and Girls of New England: Women were just as busy as the men and boys! • Time was spent preparing and preserving the food for the family • Made household items (clothing, soap and candles) • During planting and harvest seasons, they also helped in the fields

14. How did the geography of the New England help the colonists? • New England’s many natural resources helped colonists make a living from the land and sea • Many forests, rugged mountains and coastal water were accessible local natural resources • New Englanders used the local resources to help create a successful shipbuilding industry • Industry – all the businesses that make one of a kind products or provide one of a kind services • Workers used oak trees to build bodies of ships, pine trees for the ships’ masts (tall poles where sales are attached) • Forest’s provided easy hunting • Coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean provided great fishing waters

15. How did the geography of New England help the colonists? • The most common fish was Cod • Whales also provided food as well as oil • The oils from whales provided money for whalers from selling it as well as oil for lamps that the townspeople used • Trade • Products of New England were often traded to other places like Africa, West Indies and Europe by ships • Colonists traded goods for imports to bring back to the colony • Import – product brought into one country from another • Ex: ships coming from Europe to New England carried imports like teas and spices to sell in the colonies • Shipping routes between N. America, Europe and Africa became known as the triangular trade (formed an imaginary triangle across the Atlantic Ocean)

16. Slavery • Some traders in the triangular trade made money by selling human beings • In Africa, traders bought enslaved men, women and children • These people were captured from their homes • The traders chained the Africans together and loaded them onto crowed dirty ships for the Middle Passage • Middle Passage – voyage from Africa to the West Indies • Many Africans died of disease or hunger along the way • In North America, the Africans who survived the trip were sold to colonists who forced them to work • 1600s-1700s thousands of Africans were brought to the colonies during the slave trade • Slave trade – was the business of buying and selling human beings

17. Map of the Original New England Colony