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Chapter 31 World War II

Chapter 31 World War II. CHALLENGES TO WORLD PEACE. many dictators will take aggressive actions in the early 1930s these aggressive actions were met with only pleas and protests from the democracies of the world many dictators viewed these types of actions as signs of weakness

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Chapter 31 World War II

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  1. Chapter 31 World War II

  2. CHALLENGES TO WORLD PEACE • many dictators will take aggressive actions in the early 1930s • these aggressive actions were met with only pleas and protests from the democracies of the world • many dictators viewed these types of actions as signs of weakness • Japan will be a different situation because they did not have a single leader but a group of military generals governing the country

  3. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1931 – Japan, seeking raw materials, invades Manchuria. When the League of Nations meets to debate the situation, Japan withdraws from the League.

  4. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1934 – Japan withdraws from the Washington Treaty [created in 1921 to limit the size of the world’s navies and thus reduce the possibility of war] and starts to create the most powerful navy in the Pacific.

  5. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1935 - In defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler announces that Germany will start to rebuild its army and air force. Although Great Britain and France protest they do nothing.

  6. THE ROAD TO WAR • Also in 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia. • Ethiopian leader Haile Selassieappealed to the League of Nations for help

  7. THE ROAD TO WAR • the League put some sanctionsor penalties on Italy. no weapons or other war materials could be sold to Italy but could sale petroleum. By early 1936 Italy had conquered Ethiopia

  8. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • in the 1930s Spain was going through a period of unrest. King Alfonso XII wasforced to abdicate and a republic was set up which was controlled by liberals and • Socialists. The Catholic Church lost status (lands confiscated) and the army was reduced in size however unrest continued throughout Spain (strikes, riots, etc)

  9. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • by 1936 a coalition government was elected that included socialists, liberals, and communists • They moved against the military leadership and redistributed the land to peasants.

  10. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • In July, 1936 a group of generals led by Francisco Francorevolted against therepublican government - this will turn into the Spanish Civil War.

  11. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • The generals wanted to restore power of Catholic Church and destroy socialism and communism in Spain. • The followers of Franco were called Nationalistsand the Republicans called Loyalists.

  12. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • The Spanish civil war will become an international issue. • The League of Nations tried to stop the flow of weapons into Spain from foreign powers but League was unsuccessful.

  13. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Mussolini and Hitler supported Franco with weapons and manpower. The Italians and especially the Germans used the war as a practice ground for their militaries (new weapons and tactics tried out under combat conditions)

  14. Guernica

  15. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • the Loyalists' were supported by Stalin and some democracies but their help was much less than what the Nationalists were receiving. • By 1939 the Spanish Civil War was over and Franco had set up a Fascists dictatorship in Spain.

  16. THE ROAD TO WAR • In October, 1936 the Rome-Berlin Axiswas signed which allied Italy and Germany (military alliance)

  17. THE ROAD TO WAR • in 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhinelandin direct violation of the Versailles Treaty, A lot of verbal protest made by France and Great Britain but very little resistance made to the move.

  18. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1937- Japan invades China.

  19. THE ROAD TO WAR • March, 1938 Germany announced that it wanted to annex Austria which is known as the Anschluss(union of Austria with Germany).

  20. THE ROAD TO WAR • Again there was little response to the aggression by Hitler from France and Great. Britain, both of the countries were following a policy of appeasement, making concessions to an aggressor in order to maintain peace. Both countries had widespread pacifism, opposition to all war, among their populations. • The British people were not concerned because the incidents were far away and many also believed that a strong Germany army would keep a check on communism in the USSR. • Also many felt that the Versailles Treaty had been too harsh on Germany. • France was unwilling to stand up to Germany without British backing.

  21. THE ROAD TO WAR • The United States response to all of this was to follow a policy of isolationism and had passed the Neutrality Lawswhich forbade the sale of arms to any nation at war, no loans to warring nations, and no Americans on warring nations ships. • After the disillusion with World War I the United States wanted to stay out of European conflict not prevent a war.

  22. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1938 - because of the apparent weakness of the democracies Italy, Germany, and Japan signed the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axiswhich pledged that each country would fight communism and would not interfere with one another's plans for expansion.

  23. THE ROAD TO WAR • Germany's aggression will continued when late in 1938, Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenlandfrom Czechoslovakia (most of the people living in the Sudetenland were German speaking)

  24. THE ROAD TO WAR • Czechoslovakia was one of only two democracies in eastern Europe • neither France nor Great Britain was willing to go to war to save the Sudetenland.

  25. THE ROAD TO WAR • Hitler invited France and Great Britain to meet with him at the Munich Conferencethe French and the British prime minister Neville Chamberlainchose appeasement instead of war and persuaded the Czechs to turn over the Sudetenland to Hitler. (“Peace in Our time”) • In return Hitler promised that he had no plans for further expansion in Europe.

  26. THE ROAD TO WAR • 1939 – March – Hitler sent German forces to take the rest of Czechoslovakia • April of 1939 Italy attacks Albania.

  27. THE ROAD TO WAR • In the summer of 1939, France and Great Britain realized that appeasement had failed when Hitler demanded the return ofDanzig, a free city under the control of the League of Nations and the Polish CorridorGreat Britain and France responded by saying they would aid Poland.

  28. THE ROAD TO WAR • August, 1939 Hitler stunned the world when he announced the Nazi-Soviet Pactwith the USSR—this was a non-.aggression pact in which the two countries promised not to attack each other. In secret they had agreed that • 1) not to fight each other if one went to war • 2) they would divide up Poland and Eastern Europe.

  29. Chapter 31 Section 2 The Start of World War II

  30. START OF WORLD WAR II • on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland starting World War II.

  31. START OF WORLD WAR II • The Germans launched the "blitzkrieg"or lightning warfare (planes, tanks, and mechanized units of 1,250,000 men) swept into Poland (Polish air force destroyed in 48 hrs.).

  32. START OF WORLD WAR II • France and Britain declared war on Germany September 3. • Polish resistance will end within threeweeks.

  33. START OF WORLD WAR II • USSR, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact, will take eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. • USSR will also attack Finland (Finns put up a brave fight but will fall in March 1940)

  34. World War II • After the fall of Poland there was a lull in the fighting known as the “Sitzkrieg” or "phony war".

  35. World War II • Britain concentrated on building up their armaments, clearing the seas of enemy surface ships, and imposing a blockade on Germany.

  36. World War II • France waited in the elaborately fortified defensive position known as the Maginot Line(87 miles of underground forts on border with Germany)

  37. World War II • Hitler resumed the war in April 1940 by seizing Norway and Denmark

  38. World War II • In May Germany will attack the Netherlands and Belgium and thus bypassing the Maginot Line.

  39. World War II • Germans will trap tens of thousands of British, French, and Belgian troops in Flanders.

  40. World War II • Allied forces retreated to Dunkirkwhere 350,000 men were rescued ("Miracle at Dunkirk") by hundreds of British ships including civilian craft. • This was Hitler’s first big mistake because it saved the British army for future warfare.

  41. World War II • Mussolini (It.) will declare war on France on 10 June, • on 14 June German troops rolled into Paris unopposed.

  42. The fall of Paris

  43. World War II • The French government under Marshal Petainrequested a cease fire. • France will be divided into two zones (north occupied by German troops and rest of country under a "puppet regime" headed by Petain at Vichy

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