World War II Chapter 22

1. World War II Chapter 22

2. Japan’s attack on China caused US alarm as to trade status – Open Door Policy • Japan declared policy obsolete • US retaliated by loaning money to China and asking US munitions makers not to sell to Japan • Sep 1940 – US stopped sale of scrap iron to Japan – Japan retaliated by signing alliance with Germany and Italy

3. FDR extended embargo to machine tools • Neither Japan nor US wanted war – US made demands Japan refused to meet concerning expansion in Asia • Japanese code broken – US knew attack imminent

4. December 7, 1941 • Surprise attack knocked US Pacific fleet out of action • 2,300 killed 1,100 wounded • Admiral Kimmel and General Short blamed • Defeat due to confusion and poor communication at all levels

5. Though Democrats retained majorities in both houses, conservatives kept lid on many of FDR’s initiatives • Roosevelt good war leader but poor administrator – inspired the nation towards war effort but administration mired in confusion, inefficiency, bickering

6. War caused huge increase in production effectively ending the Depression • The South saw a revival with more manufacturing also establishment of many military camps • California and South - Sunbelt

7. By 1943 economy was being managed by Office of War Mobilization • War materiel – purchased through Cost-Plus contracts – paid companies cost of product plus percentage of cost as profit • Liberty ships Liberty Ship – standard US cargo ship. Average construction time was 42 days per ship. By 1943, three ships were being completed every day

8. Labor shortages caused by draft and increased manufacturing gave unions more power • FDR created National War Labor Board to arbitrate disputes between labor and management • Coal strike caused Congress to give president power to take over any war plant threatened by a strike

9. Rents, wages, food prices were strictly regulated • Important food and other items were rationed • Despite war, average citizen saw no drop in standard of living

10. Production of cars ceased and gas severely rationed but all other civilian activities went on • Meat, sugar, shoes rationed but average needs met • Skirts shortened, cuffs disappeared, as did vests to conserve cloth • Silk stockings no longer available • Victory Suits • Victory Gardens • Scrap Drives

13. Federal government spent more $ between 1941-1945 than in its entire previous history • National debt rose from <$49 billion to >$260 billion • More than 40% of expenditures met through taxation – high taxes on high incomes • Annual incomes limited to $25,000 • Sales of government bonds • E-Bonds • Over $100 billion

14. Taxes paid even by the poorest segments of society • First time taxes withheld by employers • Tax policies resulted in smaller wealth gap

15. Migrations to new industrial areas • Population of California rose >50 % • Marriage and birth rates increased • Population increased 3 million during 1930’s – in next five years it rose 6.5 million

16. Blacks treated better in military than in WWI • Segregation • Still maintained in all services • Segregation led to several small riots and mutinies • US Navy continued to keep blacks in demeaning non-combat tasks • Doris “Dorie” Miller

17. FDR encouraged black combat units • Appointed first black general – Benjamin O. Davis • Combat units included 99th Pursuit Squadron (Tuskegee Airmen aka Red Tails)

18. Double V Campaign – victory over the enemy and victory over racism • A. Philip Randolph – head of sleeping car porters union threatened march on Washington – factories not hiring blacks • FDR signed Executive Order 8802 forbidding discrimination in hiring

19. Black economic situation improved • More employed • Second Great Migration to Northern cities • Acquired more advanced skills • Concentration in ghettos increased political clout • NAACP adopted a more militant stance • Whites reacted to black advancements with strikes – riots erupted killing blacks and whites

20. Thousands of Mexicans came north to take jobs • Bracero Program – migrant agricultural work • Work plentiful and standards of living rose • Many Mexican-Americans served in military • Zoot Suit Riots

21. Indian assimilation was encouraged - >24,000 served in the war while others moved to cities and worked in factories • Windtalkers- Navajo tribe used as radio operators as Navajo was unwritten language

22. Pearl Harbor caused fear of Japanese sabotage • Executive Order 9066 - Japanese to be interned in camps throughout the West • Korematsu v. The United States • 442nd Regimental Combat Team

29. Women worked in almost all fields including high-paying industrial jobs • Others enlisted in women military auxiliaries such as Women’s Army Corps (WACs) • First WAC director – Oveta Culp Hobby • Men initially resistant – “women not capable” • Demand for labor broke all barriers • Loneliness brought on infidelity and divorce rates skyrocketed Rosie the Riveter

30. Allies decided to tackle Europe first • USSR and Britain had backs to wall • Allied planes began bombing German cities from 1942 on • First American assault on North Africa • Churchill’s motives • Vichy French – Admiral Darlan • Kasserine Pass

32. Attack on Sicily • Attack on Italy • Surrender of Italy • Stalemate at Monte Cassino • Invasion at Anzio • Mussolini killed by Italian partisans

33. D-Day – 6 June 1944 • Commanded by General Omar Bradley • Invasion of Western Europe • Patton’s drive east • Operation Market-Garden • Airborne assaults on bridges – cross Rhine River • Battle of the Bulge – December 1944 • Last-gasp offensive by Hitler to stop Allied advance in West

35. Bridge at Remagen • Race to Berlin - Allies give to Russia • Concentration camps • FDR – died April 1945 • Hitler – suicide May 1945 • May – VE Day

36. Scissors beats paper every time! Hitler Singing

38. Every individual flag equals 100,000 soldiers dead Every individual skull equals 100,000 dead civilians Every individual Star of David equals 100,000 dead Jews

39. Japanese attack US bases in Pacific – invade Philippines • General MacArthur retreats to Bataan Peninsula • MacArthur evacuated to Australia – US & Filipino forces on Bataan surrender • Bataan Death March

40. The Doolittle Raid • FDR wanted to raise US morale by hitting back at Japanese • US planned on launching bombers from aircraft carrier to bomb Tokyo • Bombers commanded by James Doolittle • Bombers attacked Tokyo April 18, 1942 • Pilots forced to bail out or crash land in China • Chinese punished for helping US pilots

41. Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway – Japan goes on defense • General Douglas MacArthur – commander US Army Pacific • Admiral Chester Nimitz – commander US Navy Pacific • Island Hopping • Guadalcanal • Tarawa, Saipan, Guam • Philippines

42. Kamikazes • Battle of Leyte Gulf • Iwo Jima and Okinawa • Invasion of the Japanese home islands? Hell in the Pacific Parts I and II

43. Nimitz MacArthur

45. The Manhattan Project • Multi-national effort under US leadership • Director - J. Robert Oppenheimer • Russian declaration of war against Japan 8 August 1945 • VJ-Day – 15 August The Atomic Bomb

46. Little Boy • Uranium core • Gun method • Dropped on Hiroshima 6 August 1945 • Fat Man • Plutonium core • Implosion method • Dropped on Nagasaki 9 August 1945

47. Little Boy Fat Man SADM MADM

48. Debate • Was the use of nuclear weapons against Japan necessary and/or ethical? • Did nuclear weapons force the surrender of Japan? • Was an invasion of Japan necessary to win the war?

49. US pushed image of Russia (USSR) as a friend during war • Russia appeared to back US plans for post-WWII world including UN • Russia: seeking domination or security?

50. Yalta • US agreed to Russian annexation of Poland in return for free elections • Discussed partition of Germany • Agreed to establishment of UN