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Introduction to Communication The Basic model of Communication Encoding and Decoding

Introduction to Communication The Basic model of Communication Encoding and Decoding Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Factors of Verbal Communication by Jacobson Model of Speech Circuit by de Saussure Bühler`s Organon Model ``The Four Sides Model`` by Schulz von Thun

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Introduction to Communication The Basic model of Communication Encoding and Decoding

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  1. Introduction to Communication • The Basic model of Communication • Encoding and Decoding • Verbal and Nonverbal Communication • Factors of Verbal Communication by Jacobson • Model of Speech Circuit by de Saussure • Bühler`s Organon Model • ``The Four Sides Model`` by Schulz von Thun • Behavioristic Model by Bloomfield • Shannon & Weaver`s Transmission Model • Conclusion Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  2. Introduction to Communication Definition of communication: The process of creating and sharing meaning through the transmission and exchange of signs. This process requires interaction within oneself, between people, or between people and machines. Definiton of model of communication: A model of communication is a consciously simplified description of a communication process which is usually expressed in graphic form as a diagramm showing the elements of the process and how they relate to each other. Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  3. The Basic Model of Communication message receiver sender Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  4. Encoding and Decoding sendsinformation receiver sender experience, feelings, history, expectations, fears feelings, experience, history, expectations, fears of individual inner life of individual inner life Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  5. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication In our society nonverbal communication takes place in different situations: • Expressing emotion • Expression of interpersonal attitude • Zeremonies or rite • Compensation for language • Component of commercials and politics Watzlawick`s first theorem: ``You cannot not communicate`` Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  6. Congruent or incongruent communication Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  7. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Language should not be discussed without having a look on it`s functions • Structuralism: language as a system • Sender/ receiver model by Roman Jacobson Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  8. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • referential function (denotative) refers to the context of the message Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  9. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Expressive function (emotive) refers to the sender Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  10. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Conative function (appelative) refers to the receiver Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  11. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Phatic function Refers to the channel Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  12. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Metalinguistic function refers to the used code Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  13. Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson • Poetic function refers to the aethetic part of the message Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  14. de Saussure‘s Model of Speech Circuit Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  15. de Saussure`s Model of Speech Circuit • Ferdinand de Saussure: linguist from Geneva • Communication as simultaneous process • 2 elements: Phonation and Audition • PHONATION: Concept Acoustic image • AUDITION: Acoustic image Concept Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  16. deSaussure‘sModel of Speech Circuit • can be split into five steps (psychic, psycho-physical or physical) • step three can be seen as a symmetry axis where the process of communication is mirrored Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  17. Bühler`s Organon model • „Language is a tool one uses to tell the other about something“ • In a model of signs, every part gets its meaning from the relation to other signs of the system Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  18. Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  19. ``The four sides model`` by Friedemann Schulz von Thun • factual side • appeal side • relation side • self revelation side Watzlawick`s second theorem says that every communication has an aspect of content and relation, as such as relation determines the content and is therefore metacommunication. Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  20. The behavioristic model by Bloomfield • Human actions (language as well) are caused by outer influences • Stimulus -------------- response • The verbal act of communication connects two nonverbal events Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  21. Shannon&Weaver‘s TransmissionModel • Shannon&Weaver: engineers working for an American phone company • Goal: ensure maximum efficiency of phone cables and radio waves • very popular model Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  22. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model The original model consists of 5 elements: Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  23. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model Also: input intended message output received message Noise: “Any inference with the message travelling along the channel which may lead to the signal received being different from that sent.“ Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  24. Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model Moles: Communication can only take place succesfully if sender and receiver share a common code. Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  25. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model Advantages: -simplicity -generality -quantifiabiltiy Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  26. Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model Do you think that transmission models are appropriate to represent natural human communication? Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  27. Shannon&Weaver‘sTransmission Model Transmission Models tend to neglect many aspects of human communication Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  28. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model Transport metaphor Communication consists of a sender sending a package of information to a receiver “conveying meaning“, “getting the idea across“, “transferring information“ But isn‘t communication a bit more than transferring information? Ref. Jacobson Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  29. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model No opportunity for interaction between sender and receiver Both are fixed on their roles Ref.: de Saussure who considers communication as a simultaneous process Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  30. Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model Transmission models assume that meaning automatically is contained in the message Ref.: Four Sides Model Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  31. Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model No allowance for social, situational, cultural etc context But: communication appears to be impossible without context Relationship: different communication with a friend or a superior Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  32. Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model Different medium can imply different purposes letters, text messages, e-mail, phone call, spoken communication Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  33. Conclusion Transmission Model fails to cover all aspect of human communication But: the other models as well can only represent fragments Any model achieves to represent these complex correlation in a whole Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

  34. Bibliography • Burton, G., Dimbleby, R. (1992), More Than Words: An introduction to communication. Routledge: London, New York • Herkner, Werner (1991), Sozialpsychologie. Hans Huber: Bern, Stuttgart, Toronto • Pelz, H. (2000), Linguistik: eine Einführung. campe paperback: Hamburg • Chandler, D. , http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html#A , 21.04.02 • Gibbon, D. , http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/classes/summer96/Textdesc/funslides/node2.html , 24.02.02 • http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-2.html , 16.04.02 • http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-1.html , 16.04.02 • http://www.stangl-taller.at/ARBEITSBLAETTER/KOMMUNIKATION/default.html , 21.04.02 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

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