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Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath

Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath. Section 2 The Home Front. Building Up the Military. As the U.S. entered the war; it was necessary to recruit more soldiers. Many progressives thought conscription , or forced military service, violated both democratic and republican principles.

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Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath

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  1. Chapter 19World War I and Its Aftermath Section 2 The Home Front

  2. Building Up the Military • As the U.S. entered the war; it was necessary to recruit more soldiers. • Many progressives thought conscription, or forced military service, violated both democratic and republican principles. • A new system of conscription, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted.

  3. African Americans in War • African American soldiers faced discrimination and prejudice within the army, where they served in racially segregated units under the control of white officers. • Many won praise from their commanders and won medals.

  4. Women in the Military • WWI was the first war in which women officially served. • Navy enlisted 11,000 women. • The army, refusing to enlist women, hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions. • Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.

  5. Organizing Industry • President Wilson and Congress agreed that the gov’t should not control the economy. • They wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and gov’t to ensure efficient use of resources during the mobilization of the American economy for war.

  6. The War Industries Board • 1917 – the WIB was created to coordinate the production of war materials. • 1918 – the WIB was reorganized and Bernard Baruch, a wealthy Wall Street stockbroker, was appointed to run it. • Controlled the flow of raw materials, ordered construction of new factories, and, with the president’s approval, set prices.

  7. Food and Fuel • The Food Administration, under Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption. • Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops.

  8. Food and Fuel • The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. • Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve industry.

  9. Paying for the War • *Don’t Write* • By the end of the war the U.S. was spending about $44 million a day – leading to a total expenditure of about $32 billion. • Taxes alone could not cover the expenditures.

  10. Paying for the War • To raise money, the gov’t began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. • By buying bonds, Americans were loaning money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.

  11. Mobilizing the Workforce • To prevent strikes, the National War Labor Board (NWLB) was established in 1918. • In exchange for wage increases, 8 hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, the labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with a strike.

  12. Women Support Industry • The war increased the need for women in the workforce. • They took factory and manufacturing jobs and positions in the shipping and RR industries. • After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce.

  13. The Great Migration Begins • The war stopped the flow of immigrants to the U.S., which allowed African Americans wartime jobs. • B/w 300,000 & 500,000 AA left the South to settle in the North.

  14. Mexican Americans Head North • Many Mexicans moved north, providing labor for farmers and ranchers in the American SW. • Mexicans also took wartime factory jobs. • Faced discrimination and hostility from all Americans.

  15. “Selling the War” • The Committee on Public Information (CPI), was a new gov’t agency that attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people. • Pamphlets and speeches helped deliver patriotic messages.

  16. Civil Liberties Curtailed • Espionage, or spying to acquire secret gov’t information, was addressed in the Espionage Act of 1917. • It set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. • The Sedition Act of 1918 went a step further by making it illegal to criticize the president or gov’t.

  17. Climate of Suspicion • Suspicion of disloyalty led to the mistreatment of German-Americans. • Feeling led to violence. • Anyone appearing disloyal came under attack.

  18. Supreme Court Limits Free Speech • Schenck v. the U.S. (1919), the Supreme Court ruled limiting an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.” • Example: “FIRE!”

  19. End of Section 2 Next: Section 4 The War’s Impact

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