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Chapter 19, “World War I and Its Aftermath”. 1 9.1- “The United States Enters World War I” . II. The Outbreak of World War I Alliance System -Alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Triple Alliance) = Central Powers -Alliance formed between Britain, France and Russia
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19.1- “The United States Enters World War I” II. The Outbreak of World War I • Alliance System -Alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Triple Alliance) = Central Powers -Alliance formed between Britain, France and Russia (Triple Entente) = Allied Powers B. Nationalism -Nationalism-an intense feeling of pride in one’s homeland -this feeling of pride was a powerful idea in Europe, as the nation-states competed for resources and superiority Note: Germany is now unified, Italy is now unified (something they had never been in modern era), and sought Naval and economic dominance in Europe and in the world. (By 1914, Germany led the world in steel production!)
C. The Balkan Crisis -one of the basic ideas of nationalism is the right to self-determination – people who belong to a nation have the right to govern themselves -a region in southeastern Europe known as the Balkans, was a “hot bed” of nationalities (i.e. Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, Slovenes, Bohemians) -and I haven’t even mentioned the different religions in this region (Roman Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Judaism, Eastern Orthodox) -Serbs really pushed for independence….got it…. “Serbia” -Russia supported the Serbs -Austria-Hungary limited Serbia’s growth and freedom -All that was needed was a SPARK!!!
D. A Continent Goes to War • Archduke Franz Ferdinand his wife Sophie visited the Serbian capital of Sarajevo and paraded around in an open car **A young Serbian nationalist named GavriloPrincip(member of ‘Black Hand Society’) assassinated the Archduke and his wife. • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary if war broke out • Russia mobilizes troops to support Serbia….Germany declares war on Russia and France! **THE GREAT WAR BEGINS** E. Germany’s Plan Fails (Schlieffen Plan) -Planned a “Hammer and Anvil” Tactic - -Knock out France quick to deal w/ Russia -Belgium held up Germany just long enough for France and Russia to mobilize (4 weeks) -Britain declared war on Germany
III. American Neutrality • President Wilson declared American neutrality • American immigrants divided….why? Most Americans ended up supporting the Allied Powers…why? • The government elite throw FULL support with British and the Allied Powers…why might this not be a surprise? (Guess Wilson’s ethnic origin) • propaganda – wide use of propaganda techniques to foment hatred towards the Germans was used to curry favor • Wilson was unwilling to go to war yet….
May 7th, 1915-Germany sinks the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland • 128 Americans are killed (1,200 total) • Wilson finds a middle course-threatens war if submarine warfare not restricted (Germans were sinking anything in the water) • Sussex Pledge- Germany agreed to sink no more merchant ships w/out warning • He was re-elected in 1916 on the campaign slogan of • “He Kept us Out of War” What finally got us to declare war??? -Zimmerman Telegram – British intelligence intercepted a cable from Germany to Mexico – it was trying to get Mexico to attack the U.S. and re-claim Texas, California, Arizona, etc. if the Central Powers won. As a result: -Wilson ASKS for a declaration of war on Germany – Why? -April 6th, 1917-U.S. declares war on Germany!
Review Questions/Assignment • What were the causes of World War I ? -Nationalism -Imperialism -Militarism -Alliance System -Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Spark) 2. What was the problem in the Balkans? 3. Why were Americans divided over who to support in the war? Why did we ultimately side with the Allied Powers? 4. What is credited with starting World War I? 5. What finally got the United States to declare war on Germany? Assignment: p. 583, Do # 2, Pancho Villa. Do # 8 “Expository Writing” assignment about American actions in Mexico. Include reasons from the text to back up your statements.
Section 2- “The Home Front” I. Building Up the Military A. Selective Service -Selective Service Act of 1917- all men ages 21-30 must register for the draft B. African Americans -only 42, 000 served overseas as combat troops -French praised them for their distinction in combat -segregated units C. Women in the Military -First war in which women served in armed forces -Navy enlisted women as yeomans -Women also served as nurses, clerical workers, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, and torpedo assemblers
D. Selling the War -Committee on Public Information formed -responsible for “selling” the war to the American people -used newspapers, advertisers, authors, artists, songwriters, hollywood executives, entertainers, etc. to help promote victory “over there!” -Liberty Bonds/Victory Bonds -Where did people get a lot of their information since they didn’t have television, and radio use was restricted during the war? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28
Assignment: p. 589, Do #’s 1-5. Please Note: Pay close attention to #4 – “How did government efforts to ensure support for the war conflict with democratic ideals?” (Do you agree with the Federal Government’s efforts at mobilizing support by making it illegal to speak out against the government at all? Is this Constitutional? Was the Supreme Court correct in its ruling? Make sure to read this carefully).
Section 3, “A Bloody Conflict” • Trench Warfare- Problems facing American Expeditionary Force
B. New Technology -automatic machine guns -massive artillery barrages (set up 10km behind front line) -airplanes (first used for scouting/equipped later with machine guns/dropping bombs) -chemical weapons (chlorine/mustard gas) -Tanks (slow and cumbersome/easily destroyed)
American Heroes of World War I *Alvin York was the most famous WWI veteran. *Single-handedly killed between 9-25 Germans. *Captured a machine gun and took over 132 prisoner. Eddie Rickenbacker *Eddie Rickenbacker was America’s successful fighter pilot. *Had 26 confirmed kills.
Victory A. Winning the War at Sea -American Admiral William Sims suggests ships travel in convoys –ships that travel in groups -very successful against German U-boats B. Russia Leaves the War -Riots break out in Russia in March of 1917 -Czar Nicholas II abdicates throne; Temporary govt. takes over, but elect to keep fighting in WWI -Food and fuel shortages continue -Bolshevik Revolution = known as “Red October” in 1917 = radical socialists overthrow government and establish a communist state -Led by Vladimir Lenin -Takes Russia out of WWI by signing Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -As a result, the Germans focus on the Western Front and push within 40 miles of Paris!
C. The Battle of the Argonne Forest -Sep. 1918-General Pershing sent over 600,000 American doughboys along with artillery and supplies for the most massive attack in American history -slowly one German position fell at a time -Austria-Hungary surrenders because of a revolution -Ottoman Empire (Turkey) surrenders -revolution in Berlin….low food and supplies….Germans finally give up -German Empire • “At the 11th hour, on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918, the fighting stopped. Germany signed an armistice – or ceasefire – that ended the fighting
II. A Flawed Peace -Wilson presented plan for peace, known as “Wilson’s Fourteen Points” *The 14th Point, (most important) suggested setting up a League of Nations in order to prevent future wars by protecting territories and political independence. *Europeans did not like Wilson’s tone….thought he was “preaching” to them • Treaty of Versailles *Europeans actually liked the idea of a League of Nations *But they believed that Wilson was too lenient on the Central Powers *France, Britain, and Italy wanted a HARSH treatment of Germany *Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles: -forced to pay reparations to the Allied Powers (33 billion) -had to disarm military; could not rebuild military w/out permission -forced to give up all territories -forced to accept all blame and guilt for the war Important to Note: There was never a FORMAL SURRENDER of Germany after WWI….why do you think this might be significant?
B. The U.S. rejects the Treaty of Versailles -The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty -Feared it might “entangle” the U.S. into foreign alliances -Wilson travelled all over the country touting the United States to agree to sign the Treaty and support the League of Nations -Senate said NO -Wilson collapses as a result of exhausting travelling; had a stroke; leaves office in 1921; Harding (R) elected President TRICK TRIVIA QUESTION: Who was considered the first female President? Edith Wilson! She managed her husband’s schedule and only allowed him to speak to certain people in the Cabinet.
